Assisted Migration Conservation托福聽力原文翻譯及問題答案

Assisted Migration Conservation托福聽力原文翻譯及問題答案

一、Assisted Migration Conservation托福聽力原文：

NARRATOR:Listen to part of a lecture in a conservation biology class.FEMALE PROFESSOR:One consequence of global warming is extinction...there's compelling evidence that global warming will be a significant driver of many plant and animal extinctions in this century.So,we're considering various strategies to help some threatened species survive this unprecedented,this warming trend,which,as you know,is caused mainly by greenhouse gases produced by the burning of fossil fuels.

Um,the most radical strategy being debated among conservation biologists is"assisted migration."Assisted migration means picking up members of a species—or members of a group of interdependent species—and physically moving,or translocating them......um,translocating threatened species to a cooler place,to higher latitudes or higher elevations,for example.Now,migration's a natural survival strategy.Over the past two million years,colder glacial periods have alternated with warmer interglacial periods,and so...um,in-in response to these gradual climatic swings,some species have shifted their ranges hundreds of kilometers.

So,perhaps you're wondering:Why not let nature take its course now?Well,we can't.The main problem is today's fragmented habitats.During previous interglacial periods,when glaciers retreated,they left behind open land in their wakes.Today,human development has paved over much of the natural world.Ecosystems are fragmented.

Housing developments,highways,and cities have replaced or sliced through forests and prairies.There're few corridors left for species to migrate through—without help.So,conservationists are trying to save as many species as possible.

Now,assisted migration could become a viable part of our rescue strategy,but there are a number of uncertainties and risks.Without more research,we can't predict if assisted migration will work for any given species.A translocated species could die out from lack of food,for example.At the other extreme,we might successfully translocate a species,but within five or ten years,that species could proliferate and become an invasive species.

Like a nonnative plant that chokes out native plants by hogging the nutrients in the soil.Translocated animals can become invasive,too.It happened in Australia.The cane toad was introduced back in 1935 to control an insect pest that was destroying Australia's sugarcane plantations.But the cane toad itself became a pest and has destroyed much of the wildlife on that continent.Also,many species are interdependent,intimately connected to one another.Like animals that eat a certain plant and that plant relies on a certain fungus to help it get nutrients from soil and on a certain insect for pollination.We probably have to translocate entire networks of species and it's hard to know where to draw the line.

And in addition to all that,it is not even clear that assisted migration or any migration for that matter,will help at least for some species.Earth was already in one of its warm interglacial periods when we started burning fossil fuels.And in the twenty-first century,global temperatures are expected to rise two to six degrees.That rate of heating is far greater than during the last glacial retreat some 12,000 years ago.

Um...whether to use Assisted Migration,this debate is mostly within the biology community right now.But the ultimate decision-makers,in the United States at least,will be the government agencies that manage natural resources.Assisted Migration really needs this level of oversight,and soon.Currently there's no public policy on using assisted migration to help species survive climate change.

People aren't even required to seek permits to move plants or invertebrate animals around as long as they are not classified as pests.In one case,a group of conservationists has already taken it upon itself to try on their own to save an endangered tree,the Florida Torreya tree,through Assisted Migration.

There's only about a thousand individual Florida Torrey as left.And global warming is expected to significantly reduce or eliminate this tree's habitat.So this conservation group wants to translocate seedlings,Florida Torreya seedlings,500 kilometers north in order to expand the species'range.The group believed its effort is justified,but I and many other biologists will be watching very closely how this maverick group makes out,because,like I said,there could be unintended consequences.

二、Assisted Migration Conservation托福聽力中文翻譯：

旁白：聽一節(jié)保護(hù)生物學(xué)課上的部分講座。女教授：全球變暖的一個(gè)后果是滅絕……有令人信服的證據(jù)表明，全球變暖將是本世紀(jì)許多動(dòng)植物滅絕的重要驅(qū)動(dòng)力。因此，我們正在考慮各種策略，以幫助一些受威脅的物種在這種前所未有的變暖趨勢(shì)下生存，正如你所知，這主要是由化石燃料燃燒產(chǎn)生的溫室氣體造成的。

嗯，保護(hù)生物學(xué)家正在討論的最激進(jìn)的策略是“協(xié)助遷移”。協(xié)助遷移意味著撿起一個(gè)物種的成員或一組相互依存的物種的成員，并實(shí)際移動(dòng)或轉(zhuǎn)移它們……嗯，將受威脅的物種轉(zhuǎn)移到較冷的地方，例如，更高緯度或更高海拔地區(qū)?，F(xiàn)在，移民是一種自然的生存策略。在過去的兩百萬年中，較冷的冰期與較暖的間冰期交替出現(xiàn)，因此…嗯，為了應(yīng)對(duì)這些逐漸變化的氣候，一些物種已經(jīng)將活動(dòng)范圍移動(dòng)了數(shù)百公里。

所以，也許你在想：為什么不讓大自然順其自然呢？嗯，我們不能。主要問題是今天的棲息地支離破碎。在前一次間冰期，當(dāng)冰川退縮時(shí)，它們會(huì)留下開闊的土地。今天，人類發(fā)展已經(jīng)覆蓋了大部分自然世界。生態(tài)系統(tǒng)支離破碎。

住房開發(fā)、高速公路和城市已經(jīng)取代或割斷了森林和草原。在沒有幫助的情況下，物種遷徙的通道已所剩無幾。因此，自然資源保護(hù)主義者正試圖拯救盡可能多的物種。

現(xiàn)在，協(xié)助移民可能成為我們救援戰(zhàn)略的一個(gè)可行部分，但也存在一些不確定性和風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。如果沒有更多的研究，我們無法預(yù)測(cè)輔助遷移是否適用于任何特定物種。例如，易位物種可能因缺乏食物而滅絕。在另一個(gè)極端，我們可能成功地轉(zhuǎn)移一個(gè)物種，但在五年或十年內(nèi)，該物種可能會(huì)繁殖并成為入侵物種。

就像一種非本土植物，它通過吞噬土壤中的營(yíng)養(yǎng)物質(zhì)來扼殺本土植物。易位的動(dòng)物也會(huì)變得具有侵略性。它發(fā)生在澳大利亞。甘蔗蟾蜍早在1935年就被引進(jìn)，用來控制一種正在破壞澳大利亞甘蔗種植園的害蟲。但甘蔗蟾蜍本身就成了一種害蟲，破壞了該大陸的許多野生動(dòng)物。此外，許多物種相互依存，彼此密切相關(guān)。就像吃某種植物的動(dòng)物一樣，這種植物依靠某種真菌從土壤中獲取養(yǎng)分，依靠某種昆蟲授粉。我們可能不得不轉(zhuǎn)移整個(gè)物種網(wǎng)絡(luò)，很難知道在哪里劃清界限。

除此之外，目前還不清楚輔助遷移或任何相關(guān)遷移是否至少對(duì)某些物種有幫助。當(dāng)我們開始燃燒化石燃料時(shí)，地球已經(jīng)處于溫暖的間冰期。在二十一世紀(jì)，全球氣溫預(yù)計(jì)將上升2至6度。這一升溫速率遠(yuǎn)大于12000年前的最后一次冰川消退。

嗯…是否使用輔助遷移，這場(chǎng)辯論目前主要在生物學(xué)界。但最終的決策者，至少在美國(guó)，將是管理自然資源的政府機(jī)構(gòu)。援助移民確實(shí)需要這種程度的監(jiān)督，而且很快就會(huì)實(shí)現(xiàn)。目前，沒有關(guān)于利用協(xié)助遷徙幫助物種在氣候變化中生存的公共政策。

人們甚至不需要申請(qǐng)?jiān)S可證來移動(dòng)植物或無脊椎動(dòng)物，只要它們不被歸類為害蟲。在一個(gè)案例中，一群自然資源保護(hù)者已經(jīng)主動(dòng)嘗試通過協(xié)助遷徙來拯救一棵瀕臨滅絕的樹——佛羅里達(dá)香榧樹。

剩下的佛羅里達(dá)托瑞只有一千只。預(yù)計(jì)全球變暖將顯著減少或消除這棵樹的棲息地。因此，這個(gè)保護(hù)組織想將樹苗，佛羅里達(dá)香榧樹苗轉(zhuǎn)移到北部500公里處，以擴(kuò)大該物種的范圍。該小組認(rèn)為其努力是合理的，但我和許多其他生物學(xué)家將密切關(guān)注這個(gè)特立獨(dú)行的小組的進(jìn)展，因?yàn)檎缥宜f的，可能會(huì)出現(xiàn)意想不到的后果。

三、Assisted Migration Conservation托福聽力問題：

Q1:1.What is the main purpose of the lecture?

A.To explain the government’s role in the regulating assisted migration

B.To discuss ways in which plants and animals adapt to climate change

C.To discuss a controversial approach to conserving plant and animal species

D.To describe a recently discovered consequence of global warming

Q2:2.According to the professor,what problem is assisted migration intended to overcome?

A.To diminishing amount of undeveloped land that species can migrate through

B.The relative lack of nutrients available in cooler latitudes and higher elevations

C.The increase in alternations between cool and warm periods

D.Competition from other species in certain native habitats

Q3:3.What point does the professor make when she discusses the cane toad?

A.Translocated species sometimes die out from lack of food.

B.Translocated species may spread too quickly in their new environment.

C.Several techniques are available to achieve assisted migration.

D.Animal species are often easier to translocate than plant species are.

Q4:4.What does the professor imply when she mentions translocating networking of species?

A.There are aspects of species interdependency that are unknown.

B.Some species evolve in ways that help them survive in new habitats.

C.It is difficult to know how far to move a network of species from its native habitat.

D.Many assisted-migration plans should involve the translocation of just one species.

Q5:5.What does the professor imply about the government’s role in regulating assisted migration in the United States?

A.The government should continue to encourage assisted migration.

B.The government has created policies that have proved unhelpful.

C.The government should follow the example set by other countries.

D.The government needs to increase its involvement in the issue.

Q6:6.What is the professor’s attitude toward the effort to save the Florida torreya?

A.She is glad that some conservationists are willing to take a chance on assisted migration.

B.She is concerned because it may have unintended consequences.

C.She is surprised because other species are more endangered than Florida torreya is.

D.She expects the effort will have to be repeated several times before it succeeds.

四、Assisted Migration Conservation托福聽力答案：

A1:正確答案：C

A2:正確答案：A

A3:正確答案：B

A4:正確答案：A

A5:正確答案：D

A6:正確答案：B

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