雅思口語資料：女神雅典娜介紹

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雅思口語素材：古希臘12主神介紹(雅典娜)

雅典娜是希臘奧林匹斯十二主神之一，也是奧林匹斯三處女神之一，羅馬名字彌涅耳瓦(Minerva)、密涅瓦(Minerva)。在遠古的神話中，雅典娜是一位女天神，烏云和雷電的主宰者，豐產(chǎn)女神，和平勞動的庇護者，女戰(zhàn)神。她教會人們馴養(yǎng)牛馬、制造車船;她賜予世人犁和耙、紡錘和織布機，因此被認為是婦女勞動，尤其是織布技術的保護者。她有一個別名叫厄耳伽涅，意思是女工。她又是科學的庇護者、智慧女神;她賜予人間法律，維護社會秩序。

In Greek religion and mythology, Athena or Athene ( /??i?n?/ or/??i?ni?/; Attic: ??, Athēnā or??, Athēnaia; Epic: ??, Athēnaiē;Ionic: ??, Athēnē; Doric: ??, Athānā), also referred to as PallasAthena/Athene ( /?pl?s/; ? ??; ? ??), is the goddess of wisdom,courage, inspiration, civilization, law and justice, just warfare, mathematics,strength, strategy, the arts, crafts, and skill. Minerva, Athena's Romanincarnation, embodies similar attributes.

Athena is also a shrewd companion of heroes and is the goddess of heroicendeavour. She is the virginpatroness of Athens. The Athenians founded theParthenon on the Acropolis of her namesake city, Athens (Athena Parthenos), inher honour.

Athena's veneration as the patron of Athens seems to have existed from theearliest times, and was so persistent that archaic myths about her were recastto adapt to cultural changes. In her role as a protector of the city (polis),many people throughout the Greek world worshiped Athena as Athena Polias (??? Athena of the city). The city of Athens and the goddess Athenaessentially bear the same name,Athenai meaning [many] Athenas.

Birth

The Olympian version

Although Athena appears before Zeus at Knossos in Linear B, as a-ta-napo-ti-ni-ja, Mistress Athenain the Classical Olympian pantheon, Athena wasremade as the favorite daughter of Zeus, born fully armed from his forehead. Thestory of her birth comes in several versions. In the one most commonly cited,Zeus lay with Metis, the goddess of crafty thought and wisdom, but heimmediately feared the consequences. It had been prophesied that Metis wouldbear children more powerful than the sire, even Zeus himself. In order toforestall these dire consequences, after lying with Metis, Zeus put her awayinside his own belly; he swallowed her down all of a sudden. He was too late:Metis had already conceived.

Eventually Zeus experienced an enormous headache; Prometheus, Hephaestus,Hermes, Ares, or Palaemon[disambiguation needed](depending on the sourcesexamined) cleaved Zeus's head with the double-headed Minoan axe, the labrys.Athena leaped from Zeus's head, fully grown and armed, with a shout and pealedto the broad sky her clarion cry of war. And Ouranos trembled to hear, andMother Gaia... (Pindar, Seventh Olympian Ode). Plato, in the Laws, attributesthe cult of Athena to the culture of Crete, introduced, he thought, from Libyaduring the dawn of Greek culture.

Classical myths thereafter note that Hera was so annoyed at Zeus for havingproduced a child that she conceived and boreHephaestus by herself.

Plato, in Cratylus (407B) gave the etymology of her name as signifying themind of god, theou noesis. The Christian apologist of the 2nd century JustinMartyr takes issue with those pagans who erect at springs images of Kore, whomhe interprets as Athena:

They said that Athena was the daughter of Zeus not from intercourse, butwhen the god had in mind the making of a world through a word (logos) his firstthought was Athena

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