Pottery托福聽(tīng)力原文翻譯及問(wèn)題答案

Pottery托福聽(tīng)力原文翻譯及問(wèn)題答案

一、Pottery托福聽(tīng)力原文：

NARRATOR:Listen to part of a lecture in an archaeology class.

FEMALE PROFESSOR:So,if I ask you what most archaeologists do with all those pieces of broken pottery they find at excavation sites,you'd probably say that they help establish the time period of the site.Pretty obvious,huh?Pottery helps us order things in time—to,uh,assign relative dates.Basically,when we date pottery,we look at its frequency at a given site.

As you can probably surmise,styles of pottery vary over time,in terms of how they're made,what they're made of,and what they were used for.So as archaeologists,we build up a picture—a sequence—of how pottery changed over time—as well as how its popularity varied over time,which we can tell by the frequency of a style at a site—how many occurrences we find at a given site.But pottery can provide evidence about a lot of things,not just dating evidence,uh,not just evidence of the time period the pottery was created.So,there's also another type of evidence that we call distributional evidence.OK,pottery is evidence of distribution,it—pottery—provides evidence that trade took place.Pots were traded for themselves,or,or given as gifts,but even more often they changed hands‘cause they were used as containers for food or wine.

To fully understand how pottery is used as distributional evidence,we have to know its origin,where it was made.So how do we figure this out?Well,by studying what the pottery is made of.You look at the material that's,that a pot's made of to know where it was made,and its distribution.

OK,a third kind of evidence is evidence of function,the function of the site where the pottery was found,and sometimes about the lives of the people who lived there.Now,now this evidence is,is a bit tougher to interpret than the other two.And there are several reasons for this.

First of all,pottery is usually not found in primary contexts—that is,it's often not found in the place where it was used.Think about your average town dump—you know,the place where everyone's unwanted stuff ends up.Can you imagine archaeologists a thousand years from now digging up a town dump and then using the items found there to get meaningful information about how the objects found there were used?Probably not.

A second reason why function is harder to identify is that not all objects found in one spot can be assumed to have identical functions,even if they look similar.If you come across a collection of pots at a site,you need to work at the level of the group rather than the individual pots,because you can't assume that they all have the same function just because they were found in the same place.So this is where pottery's form comes into play.

The form of a pot can give us some ideas about its function,uh,the suitability of the pottery to serve a specific function.However,we have to be careful when it comes to skeuomorphs.These objects are copies of the designs of other objects,but in another material.And this can be problematic,because sometimes the new or different material is not well-suited to the design.

A good example of this comes from fifteenth-century Dutch ceramics:a bronze cauldron was copied in ceramic,including these sort of big,angled handles.And while it worked well in bronze,it didn't work in the ceramic skeuomorph…well,uh,because the ceramic handles couldn't support the weight of the pot when it's full—it,it just couldn't function as it was intended to.

二、Pottery托福聽(tīng)力中文翻譯：

旁白：在考古學(xué)課上聽(tīng)一節(jié)課的一部分。

女教授：所以，如果我問(wèn)你，大多數(shù)考古學(xué)家是如何處理他們?cè)谕诰颥F(xiàn)場(chǎng)發(fā)現(xiàn)的所有陶器碎片的，你可能會(huì)說(shuō)他們幫助確定了遺址的時(shí)間段。很明顯吧？陶器幫助我們及時(shí)訂購(gòu)物品，呃，確定相關(guān)日期?；旧?，當(dāng)我們對(duì)陶器進(jìn)行年代測(cè)定時(shí)，我們會(huì)查看其在特定地點(diǎn)的頻率。

正如你可能猜測(cè)的那樣，陶器的風(fēng)格隨著時(shí)間的推移而變化，包括它們的制作方式、材料和用途。因此，作為考古學(xué)家，我們構(gòu)建了一幅圖畫(huà)——一幅關(guān)于陶器如何隨時(shí)間變化以及其流行程度如何隨時(shí)間變化的序列，我們可以通過(guò)一個(gè)地點(diǎn)的風(fēng)格頻率來(lái)判斷我們?cè)谝粋€(gè)特定地點(diǎn)發(fā)現(xiàn)了多少陶器。但是陶器可以提供很多東西的證據(jù)，不僅僅是年代證據(jù)，呃，不僅僅是陶器制作時(shí)間的證據(jù)。所以，還有另一種類(lèi)型的證據(jù)，我們稱(chēng)之為分配證據(jù)。好的，陶器是分布的證據(jù)，它提供了貿(mào)易發(fā)生的證據(jù)。罐子被自己交易，或作為禮物贈(zèng)送，但更頻繁的是它們易手，因?yàn)樗鼈儽挥米魇澄锘蚱咸丫频娜萜鳌?/p>

為了充分了解陶器是如何被用作分布證據(jù)的，我們必須知道它的起源，它是在哪里制作的。那么我們?cè)撊绾谓鉀Q這個(gè)問(wèn)題呢？嗯，通過(guò)研究陶器是由什么制成的。你看一看壺的材料，它是由什么材料制成的，它是在哪里制造的，它的分布。

好的，第三種證據(jù)是功能證據(jù)，是發(fā)現(xiàn)陶器的地點(diǎn)的功能，有時(shí)是關(guān)于生活在那里的人們的生活?，F(xiàn)在，這個(gè)證據(jù)比另外兩個(gè)更難解釋。這有幾個(gè)原因。

首先，陶器通常不存在于原始環(huán)境中，也就是說(shuō)，它通常不存在于使用它的地方。想想你所在的城鎮(zhèn)的垃圾場(chǎng)，每個(gè)人都不想要的東西都會(huì)在那里結(jié)束。你能想象考古學(xué)家從現(xiàn)在起一千年后挖掘出一個(gè)城鎮(zhèn)垃圾場(chǎng)，然后利用在那里發(fā)現(xiàn)的物品獲取關(guān)于那里發(fā)現(xiàn)的物品是如何被使用的有意義的信息嗎？可能不會(huì)。

功能難以識(shí)別的第二個(gè)原因是，不能假設(shè)在一個(gè)點(diǎn)上找到的所有對(duì)象都具有相同的功能，即使它們看起來(lái)相似。如果你在一個(gè)站點(diǎn)上遇到一組pot，你需要在組的層次上工作，而不是在單個(gè)pot上工作，因?yàn)槟悴荒軆H僅因?yàn)樗鼈儽话l(fā)現(xiàn)在同一個(gè)地方就假設(shè)它們都具有相同的功能。所以這就是陶器的形式發(fā)揮作用的地方。

壺的形狀可以讓我們了解它的功能，呃，陶器是否適合發(fā)揮特定的功能。然而，當(dāng)涉及到skeuorphs時(shí)，我們必須小心。這些對(duì)象是其他對(duì)象設(shè)計(jì)的副本，但在另一種材質(zhì)中。這可能會(huì)有問(wèn)題，因?yàn)橛袝r(shí)新的或不同的材料不太適合設(shè)計(jì)。

這方面的一個(gè)很好的例子來(lái)自十五世紀(jì)的荷蘭陶瓷：一個(gè)青銅坩堝是用陶瓷復(fù)制的，包括這些大的、有角度的把手。雖然它在青銅中很好地工作，但在陶瓷skeuomorph中卻不起作用……嗯，因?yàn)樘沾墒直谘b滿時(shí)不能支撐鍋的重量，所以它不能像預(yù)期的那樣工作。

三、Pottery托福聽(tīng)力問(wèn)題：

Q1:1.What is the lecture mainly about?

A.Changes over time in the functions of pottery

B.comparison of three types of pottery

C.Kinds of archaeological evidence that pottery provides

D.Improved techniques used for dating pottery

Q2:2.Why does the professor list several reasons that pots were traded?

A.To support her claim that pottery provides evidence of distribution

B.To clarify what she means when she uses the term"pottery"

C.To explain how archaeologists determine changes to pottery overtime

D.To indicate why certain pottery designs were more popular than others

Q3:3.According to the professor,what is one reason it is important to study the material from which pottery was made?

A.It can help archaeologists determine why some types of pottery have not been preserved.

B.It can help archaeologists establish where the pottery came from.

C.It can reveal how pottery-making techniques advanced from one period to the next.

D.It can provide evidence about the trade value of pottery.

Q4:4.According to the professor,why is it difficult to gain information on the function of a pot?[Click on two answers.]

A.Not all pots found in the same location have the same function.

B.Not all pots used to perform the same function look alike.

C.Pots are usually broken into many small pieces.

D.Pots are rarely found in the places in which they were used.

Q5:5.What is a skeuomorph?

A.An object with a similar function as another,but with a different design

B.A copy of an object,but made from a different material

C.An exact copy of an object made hundreds of years earlier

D.An object designed to have multiple functions

Q6:6.Why does the professor say this:

A.She expects that the students are already familiar with the point about how archaeologists use pottery.

B.She has described a problem that is easily solved by archaeologists.

C.She wants to know whether students believe it is easy to determine the time period of a site.

D.She is indicating that the assertion she just made about the function of pottery is,in fact,false.

四、Pottery托福聽(tīng)力答案：

A1:正確答案：C

A2:正確答案：A

A3:正確答案：B

A4:正確答案：AD

A5:正確答案：B

A6:正確答案：A

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