劍橋雅思5 Test 4閱讀Passage 1原文翻譯The Impact of wilderness tourism

劍橋雅思5 Test 4 Passage 1閱讀原文翻譯

A部分第1段

The market for tourism in remote areas is booming as never before.Countries all across the world are actively promoting their‘wilderness’regions–such as mountains,Arctic lands,deserts,small islands and wetlands–to high-spending tourists.The attraction of these areas is obvious:by definition,wilderness tourism requires little or no initial investment.But that does not mean that there is no cost.As the 1992 United Nations Conference on Environment and Development recognized,these regions are fragile(i.e.highly vulnerable to abnormal pressures)not just in terms of their ecology,but also in terms of the culture of their inhabitants.The three most significant types of fragile environment in these respects,and also in terms of the proportion of the Earth’s surface they cover,are deserts,mountains and Arctic areas.An important characteristic is their marked seasonality,with harsh conditions prevailing for many months each year.Consequently,most human activities,including tourism,are limited to quite clearly defined parts of the year.

偏遠地區(qū)的旅游市場正變的空前繁榮。世界各地的國家都在積極向高消費游客推廣其“荒野”地區(qū)，例如山脈，北極地區(qū)，沙漠，小島和濕地。這些地區(qū)的吸引力是顯而易見的：按照定義，荒野旅游幾乎或完全不需要初期投資。但這并不意味著沒有成本。正如1992年聯(lián)合國環(huán)境與發(fā)展會議意識到的，這些地區(qū)在他們的生態(tài)環(huán)境和居民文化方面都十分脆弱（非常容易受到外界壓力的影響）。在這些方面以及就它們所覆蓋的地球表面的比例而言，三種最重要的脆弱環(huán)境類型是沙漠，山脈和北極地區(qū)。一個重要的特征是其明顯的季節(jié)性，每年都有數(shù)月處在極其惡劣的條件下。因此，大多數(shù)人類活動，包括旅游業(yè)，都局限于一年中特定的部分。

A部分第2段

Tourists are drawn to these regions by their natural landscape beauty and the unique cultures of their indigenous people.And poor governments in these isolated areas have welcomed the new breed of‘adventure tourist’,grateful for the hard currency they bring.For several years now,tourism has been the prime source of foreign exchange in Nepal and Bhutan.Tourism is also a key element in the economies of Arctic zones such as Lapland and Alaska and in desert areas such as Ayers Rock in Australia and Arizona’s Monument Valley.

游客因其自然景觀的優(yōu)美和土著人民獨特的文化而被這些地區(qū)吸引。這些偏遠地區(qū)的貧窮政府歡迎新型的“冒險旅行者”，為他們帶來的硬通貨而充滿感激。幾年來，旅游業(yè)一直是尼泊爾和不丹外匯的主要來源。旅游業(yè)在拉普蘭和阿拉斯加等北極地區(qū)以及澳大利亞艾爾斯巖和亞利桑那州的紀念碑谷等沙漠地區(qū)的經濟中也很重要。

B部分第1段

Once a location is established as a main tourist destination,the effects on the local community are profound.When hill-farmers,for example,can make more money in a few weeks working as porters for foreign trekkers than they can in a year working in their fields,it is not surprising that many of them give up their farm-work,which is thus left to other members of the family.In some hill-regions,this has led to a serious decline in farm output and a change in the local diet,because there is insufficient labour to maintain terraces and irrigation systems and tend to crops.The result has been that many people in these regions have turned to outside supplies of rice and other foods.

一旦一個地點被確立為主要的旅游目的地，它對當?shù)厣鐓^(qū)的影響將是深遠的。例如，當山區(qū)農民在擔任外國徒步旅行者的搬運工幾個星期就能賺到比在田間工作一年更多的錢時，他們中的許多人放棄農業(yè)勞動，將其留給其他家庭成員就不足為奇了。在一些丘陵地區(qū)，由于沒有足夠的勞動力維持梯田和灌溉系統(tǒng)并照顧農作物，農業(yè)產量嚴重下降，并導致當?shù)仫嬍车淖兓?。結果是這些地區(qū)的許多人需要外部供應大米和其他食物。

B部分第2段

In Arctic and desert societies,year-round survival has traditionally depended on hunting animals and fish and collecting fruit over a relatively short season.However,as some inhabitants become involved in tourism,they no longer have time to collect wild food;this has led to increasing dependence on bought food and stores.Tourism is not always the culprit behind such changes.All kinds of wage labour,or government handouts,tend to undermine traditional survival systems.Whatever the cause,the dilemma is always the same:what happens if these new,external sources of income dry up?

在北極和沙漠地區(qū)，一整年的生存?zhèn)鹘y(tǒng)上依賴于在相對較短的季節(jié)里獵殺動物和魚類并收集果實。但是，隨著一些居民開始涉足旅游業(yè)，他們不再有時間收集野生食物。這導致他們對購買食品和商店的依賴性越來越大。旅游業(yè)并不總是這種變化背后的罪魁禍首。各種各樣的工資勞動或政府補助，往往會破壞傳統(tǒng)的生存制度。無論原因是什么，困境始終是相同的：如果這些新的外部收入來源枯竭，會發(fā)生什么？

B部分第3段

The physical impact of visitors is another serious problem associated with the growth in adventure tourism.Much attention has focused on erosion along major trails,but perhaps more important are the deforestation and impacts on water supplies arising from the need to provide tourists with cooked food and hot showers.In both mountains and deserts,slow-growing trees are often the main sources of fuel and water supplies may be limited or vulnerable to degradation through heavy use.

游客自身的影響是另一個與冒險旅游的發(fā)展相關的嚴重問題。大多數(shù)注意力都集中在主要步道的侵蝕上，但也許更重要的是由于需要為游客提供熟食和熱水淋浴而造成的森林砍伐和對水供應的影響。在山區(qū)和沙漠中，生長緩慢的樹木通常是燃料的主要來源，并且供水可能受到限制，或者容易因大量使用而退化。

C部分第1段

Stories about the problems of tourism have become legion in the last few years.Yet it does not have to be a problem.Although tourism inevitably affects the region in which it takes place,the costs to these fragile environments and their local cultures can be minimized.Indeed,it can even be a vehicle for reinvigorating local cultures,as has happened with the Sherpas of Nepal’s Khumbu Valley and in some Alpine villages.And a growing number of adventure tourism operators are trying to ensure that their activities benefit the local population and environment over the long term.

最近幾年里，有關旅游業(yè)問題的故事層出不窮。但這并不一定是問題。盡管旅游業(yè)不可避免地會影響其發(fā)生的地區(qū)，但可以將對這些脆弱環(huán)境及其當?shù)匚幕挠绊懡档阶畹?。確實，它甚至可以成為振興當?shù)匚幕墓ぞ?，就像尼泊爾昆布山谷的Sherpas和某些Alpine村莊那樣。越來越多的冒險旅游經營者試圖確保他們的活動從長遠來看會使當?shù)厝丝诤铜h(huán)境受益。

C部分第2段

In the Swiss Alps,communities have decided that their future depends on integrating tourism more effectively with the local economy.Local concern about the rising number of second home developments in the Swiss Pays d’Enhaut resulted in limits being imposed on their growth.There has also been a renaissance in communal cheese production in the area,providing the locals with a reliable source of income that does not depend on outside visitors.

在瑞士阿爾卑斯山，社區(qū)認為他們的未來取決于更有效地將旅游業(yè)與當?shù)亟洕嘟Y合。當?shù)厝藢θ鹗縋ays d’Enhaut第二套住房開發(fā)數(shù)量的增加感到擔憂，導致其發(fā)展受到限制。該地區(qū)的集體奶酪生產也正在復興，這為當?shù)厝颂峁┝丝煽康氖杖雭碓矗@些收入不依賴外部訪客。

C部分第3段

Many of the Arctic tourist destinations have been exploited by outside companies,who employ transient workers and repatriate most of the profits to their home base.But some Arctic communities are now operating tour businesses themselves,thereby ensuring that the benefits accrue locally.For instance,a native corporation in Alaska,employing local people,is running an air tour from Anchorage to Kotzebue,where tourists eat Arctic food,walk on the tundra and watch local musicians and dancers.

許多北極旅游勝地已被外部公司開發(fā)，這些公司雇用臨時工并將大部分利潤匯回本國。但是，一些北極社區(qū)現(xiàn)在自己經營旅游業(yè)務，從而確保了收益在當?shù)胤e累。例如，阿拉斯加的一家本地公司雇用當?shù)厝耍谶\營一條從安克雷奇（Anchorage）到科澤布（Kotzebue）的空中旅行線路，游客在這里吃北極食物，在凍原上行走并觀看當?shù)匾魳芳液臀枵叩谋硌荨?/p>

C部分第4段

Native people in the desert regions of the American Southwest have followed similar strategies,encouraging tourists to visit their pueblos and reservations to purchase high-quality handicrafts and artwork.The Acoma and San Ildefonso pueblos have established highly profitable pottery businesses,while the Navajo and Hopi groups have been similarly successful with jewelry.

美國西南部沙漠地區(qū)的原住民也采取了類似的策略，鼓勵游客參觀他們的普韋布洛村落和保留區(qū)，并購買高品質的手工藝品和藝術品。Acoma和San Ildefonso村莊建立了利潤很高的陶器企業(yè)，而納瓦霍和霍皮基團已經在珠寶方面取得類似的成功。

C部分第5段

Too many people living in fragile environments have lost control over their economies,their culture and their environment when tourism has penetrated their homelands.Merely restricting tourism cannot be the solution to the imbalance,because people’s desire to see new places will not just disappear.Instead,communities in fragile environments must achieve greater control over tourism ventures in their regions,in order to balance their needs and aspirations with the demands of tourism.A growing number of communities are demonstrating that,with firm communal decision-making,this is possible.The critical question now is whether this can become the norm,rather than the exception.

當旅游業(yè)滲透到他們的家園時，太多生活在脆弱環(huán)境中的人失去了其對經濟，文化和環(huán)境的控制。僅僅限制旅游業(yè)并不能解決不平衡的問題，因為人們對新地方的渴望并不會消失。取而代之的是，處于脆弱環(huán)境中的社區(qū)必須更好地控制其所在地的旅游企業(yè)，以平衡他們與旅游業(yè)的需求。越來越多的社區(qū)表明，通過堅定的社區(qū)決策，這是可能的。現(xiàn)在的關鍵問題是，這是否可以成為常態(tài)，而不是例外。

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