Whales and Dolphins劍橋雅思9-聽力原文翻譯及答案解析

一、Whales and Dolphins聽力原文：

Good afternoon everyone.

Well,with some of you about to go out on field work it's timely that in this afternoon's session.

I'll be sharing some ideas about the reasons why groups of whales and dolphins sometimes swim ashore from the sea right onto the beach and,most often,die in what are known as'mass strandings'.

Unfortunately,this type of event is a frequent occurrence in some of the locations that you'll be travelling to,where sometimes the tide goes out suddenly,confusing the animals.

However,there are many other theories about the causes of mass strandings.

The first is that the behaviour is linked to parasites.

It's often found that stranded animals were infested with large numbers of parasites.

For instance,a type of worm is commonly found in the ears of dead whales.

Since marine animals rely heavily on their hearing to navigate,this type of infestation has the potential to be very harmful.

Another theory is related to toxins,or poisons.

These have also been found to contribute to the death of many marine animals.

Many toxins,as I'm sure you're aware,originate from plants,or animals.

The whale ingests these toxins in its normal feeding behaviour but whether these poisons directly or indirectly lead to stranding and death,seems to depend upon the toxin involved.

In 1988,for example,fourteen humpback whales examined after stranding along the beaches of Cape Cod were found to have been poisoned after eating tuna that contained saxitoxin,the same toxin that can be fatal in humans.

Alternatively,it has also been suggested that some animals strand accidentally by following their prey ashore in the confusion of the chase.

In 1995 David Thurston monitored pilot whales that beached after following squid ashore.

However,this idea does not seem to hold true for the majority of mass strandings because examination of the animals stomach contents reveal that most had not been feeding as they stranded.

There are also some new theories which link strandings to humans.

A growing concern is that loud noises in the ocean cause strandings.

Noises such as those caused by military exercises are of particular concern and have been pinpointed as the cause of some strandings of late.

One of these,a mass stranding of whales in 2000 in the Bahamas coincided closely with experiments using a new submarine detection system.

There were several factors that made this stranding stand out as different from previous strandings.

This led researchers to look for a new cause.

For one,all the stranded animals were healthy.

In addition,the animals were spread out along 38 kilometres of coast,whereas it's more common for the animals to be found in a group when mass strandings occur.

A final theory is related to group behaviour,and suggests that sea mammals cannot distinguish between sick and healthy leaders and will follow sick leaders,even to an inevitable death.

This is a particularly interesting theory since the whales that are thought to be most social-the toothed whales–are the group that strand the most frequently.

The theory is also supported by evidence from a dolphin stranding in 1994.

Examination of the dead animals revealed that apart from the leader,all the others had been healthy at the time of their death.

Without one consistent theory however it is very hard for us to do anything about this phenomenon except to assist animals where and when we can.

Stranding networks have been established around the world to aid in rescuing animals and collecting samples from those that could not be helped.

I recommend John Conner's Marine Mammals Ashore as an excellent starting point if you're interested in finding out more about these networks,or establishing one yourself.

二、Whales and Dolphins聽力中文翻譯：

大家下午好。

好吧，由于你們中的一些人將要進(jìn)行實(shí)地工作，今天下午的會(huì)議很及時(shí)。

我將分享一些關(guān)于鯨魚和海豚群體有時(shí)從海上游上岸到海灘的原因的想法，最常見的是死于所謂的“大規(guī)模擱淺”。

不幸的是，這類事件在你將要去的一些地方經(jīng)常發(fā)生，有時(shí)潮水突然退去，讓動(dòng)物感到困惑。

然而，關(guān)于大規(guī)模擱淺的原因還有許多其他理論。

首先，這種行為與寄生蟲有關(guān)。

人們經(jīng)常發(fā)現(xiàn)擱淺的動(dòng)物感染了大量寄生蟲。

例如，一種蠕蟲通常在死鯨的耳朵中發(fā)現(xiàn)。

由于海洋動(dòng)物在很大程度上依賴聽覺來導(dǎo)航，這種類型的感染可能非常有害。

另一種理論與毒素有關(guān)。

這些也被發(fā)現(xiàn)導(dǎo)致許多海洋動(dòng)物死亡。

我相信你也知道，許多毒素來自植物或動(dòng)物。

鯨魚在正常的進(jìn)食行為中攝入這些毒素，但這些毒素是否直接或間接導(dǎo)致擱淺和死亡，似乎取決于所涉及的毒素。

例如，1988年，14頭在科德角海灘擱淺后接受檢查的座頭鯨被發(fā)現(xiàn)在食用含有薩克森毒素的金槍魚后中毒，這種毒素可能對(duì)人類致命。

另一方面，也有人認(rèn)為，一些動(dòng)物在追逐的混亂中跟隨獵物上岸，從而意外擱淺。

1995年，大衛(wèi)·瑟斯頓（DavidThurston）監(jiān)測了跟蹤魷魚上岸后擱淺的領(lǐng)航鯨。

然而，這一觀點(diǎn)似乎并不適用于大多數(shù)大規(guī)模擱淺，因?yàn)閷?duì)動(dòng)物胃內(nèi)容物的檢查顯示，大多數(shù)動(dòng)物擱淺時(shí)沒有進(jìn)食。

還有一些新的理論將擱淺與人類聯(lián)系起來。

人們?cè)絹碓綋?dān)心海洋中的噪音會(huì)導(dǎo)致擱淺。

諸如軍事演習(xí)引起的噪音尤其令人擔(dān)憂，并被確定為最近一些擱淺的原因。

其中之一是2000年在巴哈馬發(fā)生的鯨魚大規(guī)模擱淺事件，與使用新的潛艇探測系統(tǒng)進(jìn)行的實(shí)驗(yàn)非常吻合。

有幾個(gè)因素使這次絞合與眾不同，與以前的絞合不同。

這促使研究人員尋找新的原因。

首先，所有擱淺的動(dòng)物都很健康。

此外，這些動(dòng)物分布在38公里的海岸線上，而在發(fā)生大規(guī)模擱淺時(shí)，更常見的是成群結(jié)隊(duì)的動(dòng)物。

最后一個(gè)理論與群體行為有關(guān)，它認(rèn)為海洋哺乳動(dòng)物無法區(qū)分生病的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)者和健康的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)者，會(huì)追隨生病的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)者，甚至?xí)?dǎo)致不可避免的死亡。

這是一個(gè)特別有趣的理論，因?yàn)楸徽J(rèn)為是最具社會(huì)性的鯨魚——齒鯨——是最常擱淺的群體。

這一理論也得到了1994年海豚擱淺的證據(jù)的支持。

對(duì)死亡動(dòng)物的檢查顯示，除了首領(lǐng)之外，所有其他動(dòng)物在死亡時(shí)都是健康的。

然而，如果沒有一個(gè)一致的理論，我們很難對(duì)這一現(xiàn)象采取任何行動(dòng)，除非我們能夠在何時(shí)何地幫助動(dòng)物。

世界各地已經(jīng)建立了擱淺網(wǎng)絡(luò)，以幫助營救動(dòng)物，并從那些無法幫助的動(dòng)物身上采集樣本。

如果你有興趣了解更多關(guān)于這些網(wǎng)絡(luò)的信息，或者自己建立一個(gè)網(wǎng)絡(luò)，我推薦約翰·康納的《岸上海洋哺乳動(dòng)物》作為一個(gè)很好的起點(diǎn)。

三、Whales and Dolphins聽力問題：

Question 31-40

Complete the notes below.

Write NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS for each answer.Mass Strandings of Whales and Dolphins

Mass strandings:situations where groups of whales,dolphins,etc.swim onto the beach and die

Common in areas where the can change quickly

Several other theories:

Parasites

e.g.some parasites can affect marine animals',which they depend on for navigation

Toxins

Poisons from or are commonly consumed by whales

e.g.Cape Cod(1988)-whales were killed by saxitoxin

Accidental Strandings

Animals may follow prey ashore,e.g.Thurston(1995)

Unlikely because the majority of animals were not when they stranded

Human Activity

from military tests are linked to some recent strandings

The Bahamas(2000)stranding was unusual because the whales

?were all

?were not in a

Group Behaviour

?More strandings in the most species of whales

?1994 dolphin stranding-only the was ill

Further Reading

Marine Mammals Ashore(Connor)-gives information about stranding

四、Whales and Dolphins聽力答案：

31.tide/tides

32.hearing/ear/ears

33.plants;animals;fish;fishes;

34.feeding

35.noise/noises

36.healthy

37.group

38.social

39.leader

40.network/networks

五、Whales and Dolphins聽力答案解析

31.tide利用定位詞where考生可聽到the tide goes out suddenly。goes out suddenly對(duì)應(yīng)題干中的change quickly，goes out suddenly的主語便是答案。

注意劍橋答案還給了tides，但是建議考生考試時(shí)聽見什么寫什么，不要隨意更改名詞的單復(fù)數(shù)。

32．hearing考生聽到有關(guān)題干定位詞parasites部分的內(nèi)容時(shí)，會(huì)聽到Since marine animals rely heavily on their hearing to navigate...。rely on對(duì)應(yīng)題干中的depend on，on后面的名詞即為答案。

注意hearing與ear(s)有關(guān)，此外，錄音中也出現(xiàn)了...commonly found in the ears of dead whales.的表達(dá)，因此答案也可以是ear(s)。

33．plants,animals利用題干中的poisons定位，考生可以聽到Many toxins,as I’m sure you’re aware,originate from plants,or animals.。originate from對(duì)應(yīng)題干中的from，所以答案是plants，animals。

注意答案順序可以互換，另外，劍橋答案還給出了fish或fishes，建議考生不要這樣寫。

34．feeding利用題干中的Thurston定位?？忌诼牭絤ajority of mass strandings之后，可以聽到...most had not been feeding as they stranded.。had not been和as對(duì)應(yīng)題干中的were not和when，所以答案是feeding。

35．noises利用題干中的military定位，考生可以聽到Noises such as those caused by military exercises...cause of some strandings of late.，caused by對(duì)應(yīng)題干中的from，cause of對(duì)應(yīng)題干中的are linked to，所以可以確定答案是noises。

注意劍橋答案還給了noise，但是如果這樣填，就會(huì)與題目中的謂語are不一致，所以請(qǐng)考生特別注意主謂形式的一致性。

36．healthy考生可以利用題干中的定位詞the Bahamas(2000)重點(diǎn)聽與其相關(guān)的內(nèi)容，在介紹這部分內(nèi)容時(shí)speaker指出了兩方面的原因，F(xiàn)or one,all the stranded animals were healthy.In addition...strandings occur.，據(jù)此可以確定答案是healthy。

37．group常規(guī)解題方法同第36題，此外，考生在聽In addition...strandings occur.這句話時(shí)要特別注意，speaker提到了比較common的方式是found in a group，此表達(dá)對(duì)應(yīng)了題干中的unusual的方式是not in a group，因此答案為group。

38．social考生可利用題干中同時(shí)出現(xiàn)的比較級(jí)和最高級(jí)進(jìn)行定位。在聽到interesting theory之后，考生可以聽到...whales that are thought to be most social...strand the most frequently.，由此可以確定答案是social。

39．leader利用特殊時(shí)間詞1994定位，考生可以聽到...apart from the leader,all the others had been healthy...。apart from對(duì)應(yīng)題干中的only，由此可知答案為leader。

40．networks考生可以聽到定位詞Marine Mammals Ashore后面出現(xiàn)的finding out more about these networks，即前文提到的stranding networks，因此答案為networks。

注意劍橋答案還給了network，但還是建議考生考試時(shí)聽見什么寫什么，不要隨意更改名詞的單復(fù)數(shù)。

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