托福tpo68聽(tīng)力lecture1 Two Ancient Arctic Cultures原文翻譯及問(wèn)題答案

托福tpo68聽(tīng)力lecture1 Two Ancient Arctic Cultures原文翻譯及問(wèn)題答案，今天中國(guó)教育在線就來(lái)為大家分析這個(gè)問(wèn)題。

Two Ancient Arctic Cultures托福聽(tīng)力原文翻譯及問(wèn)題答案

一、Two Ancient Arctic Cultures托福聽(tīng)力原文：

Professor:OK,let’s look at two specific ancient cultures of the arctic,both of which lived on the far northern edge of the continent,the Dorset and the Thule.The Dorset culture began around eight hundred BC and ranged to cross most of arctic Canada.The Thule,well,they lived in the same area,but about twelve hundred years later.Both groups left some beautiful art behind,really are best evidence that these folks even existed.And although these two cultures lived in the same region,each group approached their art in very different ways.

Alright,so the Dorset culture.Archaeologists have unearthed hundreds of Dorset sculptures mostly carve from ivory or bone and sometimes stone.They were mostly small sculptures of animal or human figures.And our best guess is that they were probably used mainly for religious purposes.The main subject of Dorset animal sculptures is the polar bear.Some of these polar bears are represented in naturalistic or realistic ways,but usually,their abstracted or stylized that is to say less realistic.Here is a typical polar bear sculpture.It's carved from ivory,we call these artifacts flying or floating polar bears,because,because they look like the polar bears doing just that flying or floating.Notice the distinctive markings,they seem to mark out the skeleton or joints of the bear.

While polar bears were favorite subject,the Dorset created sculptures of other animals too,like seals and caribou which were represented in a more realistic fashion.We speculate that if the Dorset feared or respected a particular animal,they were more likely to present it in a stylized way,like with the polar bear,which,of course,is a large dangerous predator,maybe,it was a way of dealing with their fear.We also have Dorset’s sculptures whose meaning is more allusive.I'm talking about horns with many human faces carved into them.What's remarkable about these sculptures is the variety of facial types in expressions that appear on the single horn.If only the people represented on these artifacts could answer our questions,it tells us whether they are ancestors or residents of villager or what.

Okay,let's switch to Thule art,which differs from Dorset art in,in some important ways.Interestingly,Thule artwork wasn't generally influenced by the earlier Dorset culture.It seems it would’ve grown out of a separate tradition that originated in Alaska.Thule artwork was most likely used to decorate common objects such as tools with attractive designs,we can't be entirely sure about this.However,we've tried to interpret the symbolic designs into the art.But of course,it's impossible to confirm the accuracy of such interpretations.What we do know is that the Thule people made extensive use of engravings,they drove the small holes and carve lines into various materials.These engravings,engraved patterns,rather,are found on the diverse group of artifacts,things ranging from weapons to jewelry to cones and boxes.Here's some examples.It's hard to see,but most of these objects do have engravings on them.Thule art was more of a graphic art.Uh,more like drawing.Many of their designs are geometric and abstract.Others containing engravings of human and animal figures.

For instance,the long skinny object,among left,has a face at the top.We’ve also found the tool handle with hunting and camp scenes carved into it.As far as Thule’s sculpture goes,there is only a few small objects in wooden dowels like the one in the bottom right-hand corner.These have either no facial features or very rudimentary ones,less detailed,less individualized than the faces of Dorset’s sculpture.

One scholar has argued that this difference resulted from the nature of Thule’s society which was built around group hunting expeditions on the ocean.This hunting approach required a great deal of cooperation which may have led to a kind of an overall uniformity in their art.And emphasis on commonality rather than individuality,which probably explains why there’re human figures like the faces or had standardized faces that all look similar.The most famous of the few Thule sculptures are the ones of birds in creatures that are part bird and part woman.While the sculpture is probably had some symbolic purpose,patterns of holes were drilled into them too.So,in general compared with artwork of the Dorset,Thule art probably had a more decorative or utilitarian function.

二、Two Ancient Arctic Cultures托福聽(tīng)力中文翻譯：

教授：好的，讓我們看看北極的兩種特定的古代文化，它們都生活在北極大陸的最北端，多塞特和圖勒。多塞特文化始于公元前800年左右，橫跨加拿大大部分北極地區(qū)。圖勒人，嗯，他們住在同一個(gè)地區(qū)，但大約在1200年后。這兩個(gè)群體都留下了一些美麗的藝術(shù)，真的是這些人存在的最好證據(jù)。盡管這兩種文化生活在同一個(gè)地區(qū)，但每個(gè)群體都以非常不同的方式對(duì)待他們的藝術(shù)。

好吧，多塞特文化?？脊艑W(xué)家已經(jīng)出土了數(shù)百件多塞特雕塑，大多是象牙或骨頭雕刻的，有時(shí)是石頭雕刻的。它們大多是動(dòng)物或人像的小型雕塑。我們最好的猜測(cè)是，它們可能主要用于宗教目的。多塞特動(dòng)物雕塑的主要主題是北極熊。這些北極熊中的一些以自然主義或現(xiàn)實(shí)主義的方式表現(xiàn)出來(lái)，但通常是抽象化或程式化的，也就是說(shuō)不太現(xiàn)實(shí)。這是一個(gè)典型的北極熊雕塑。它是用象牙雕刻而成的，我們稱(chēng)之為飛行或漂浮的北極熊，因?yàn)樗鼈兛雌饋?lái)就像北極熊在飛行或漂浮。注意這些獨(dú)特的標(biāo)記，它們似乎標(biāo)出了熊的骨架或關(guān)節(jié)。

雖然北極熊是最受歡迎的主題，但多塞特人也創(chuàng)作了其他動(dòng)物的雕塑，如海豹和馴鹿，它們以更真實(shí)的方式表現(xiàn)出來(lái)。我們推測(cè)，如果多塞特人害怕或尊重某一特定動(dòng)物，他們更有可能以一種程式化的方式來(lái)表達(dá)它，就像北極熊一樣，北極熊當(dāng)然是一種危險(xiǎn)的大型食肉動(dòng)物，也許這是一種應(yīng)對(duì)恐懼的方式。我們還有多塞特的雕塑，其含義更為含蓄。我說(shuō)的是刻著許多人臉的角。這些雕塑最引人注目的是單角上表情的多樣性。如果這些文物上的人物能夠回答我們的問(wèn)題，它就能告訴我們他們是祖先還是村民或者什么。

好的，讓我們切換到圖勒藝術(shù)，它在一些重要方面與多塞特藝術(shù)不同。有趣的是，圖勒藝術(shù)作品通常不受早期多塞特文化的影響。它似乎是從起源于阿拉斯加的一個(gè)獨(dú)立的傳統(tǒng)發(fā)展而來(lái)的。圖勒藝術(shù)品最有可能被用來(lái)裝飾常見(jiàn)的物品，如設(shè)計(jì)精美的工具，我們對(duì)此不能完全確定。然而，我們?cè)噲D將象征性設(shè)計(jì)解釋為藝術(shù)。但當(dāng)然，不可能證實(shí)這種解釋的準(zhǔn)確性。我們所知道的是，圖勒人廣泛使用雕刻，他們?cè)诟鞣N材料上刻出小孔和線條。這些雕刻品，雕刻圖案，可以在各種各樣的手工藝品上找到，從武器到珠寶，再到圓錐體和盒子。這里有一些例子。很難看到，但大多數(shù)這些物體上都有雕刻。圖勒藝術(shù)更多的是一種平面藝術(shù)。呃，更像是畫(huà)畫(huà)。他們的許多設(shè)計(jì)都是幾何和抽象的。其他包含人類(lèi)和動(dòng)物雕像的雕刻品。

例如，左側(cè)的細(xì)長(zhǎng)對(duì)象在頂部有一個(gè)面。我們還發(fā)現(xiàn)了刻有狩獵和營(yíng)地場(chǎng)景的工具手柄。就圖勒的雕塑而言，木質(zhì)銷(xiāo)釘中只有少數(shù)小物件，如右下角的那個(gè)。這些雕塑要么沒(méi)有面部特征，要么非常原始，沒(méi)有多塞特雕塑的面部那么細(xì)致，沒(méi)有那么個(gè)性化。

一位學(xué)者認(rèn)為，這種差異源于圖勒社會(huì)的性質(zhì)，該社會(huì)是圍繞著海洋上的集體狩獵探險(xiǎn)而建立的。這種狩獵方式需要大量的合作，這可能會(huì)導(dǎo)致他們的藝術(shù)整體上的一致性。強(qiáng)調(diào)共性而非個(gè)性，這可能解釋了為什么有像臉一樣的人形，或者有標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化的臉，看起來(lái)都很相似。為數(shù)不多的圖勒雕塑中最著名的是鳥(niǎo)類(lèi)雕塑，這些雕塑中的生物一半是鳥(niǎo)，一半是女人。雖然這座雕塑可能有一些象征意義，但也在上面鉆了一些洞的圖案。因此，總體而言，與多塞特的藝術(shù)品相比，圖勒藝術(shù)可能具有更具裝飾性或?qū)嵱眯缘墓δ堋?/p>

三、Two Ancient Arctic Cultures托福聽(tīng)力問(wèn)題：

Q1:What is the main purpose of the lecture?

A.To examine the extent to which Thule and Dorset art influenced the artwork of other arctic cultures

B.To examine how Thule and Dorset designs changed over time

C.To compare and contrast artwork from two ancient arctic cultures

D.To discuss how the natural world is shown in the artwork of two ancient arctic cultures

Q2:What does the professor imply about“flying”or“floating”polar-bear sculptures?[Click on 2 answers.]

A.They may have helped the Dorset people cope with their fear of a dangerous animal.

B.Art historians consider them to be of little religious importance to the Dorset people.

C.The Dorset people created them to demonstrate respect for polar bears.

D.They were designed to take advantage of the natural shape of the ivory.

Q3:According to the professor,what can be inferred about Dorset society based on its artwork?

A.It placed more emphasis on religious beliefs than Thule society did.

B.It relied on hunting large animals to a greater extent than Thule society did.

C.It placed an emphasis on the production of jewelry.

D.It was structured to support long ocean expeditions.

Q4:According to the professor,what appears to be the main reason that the Thule engraved holes and lines into their artifacts?

A.To honor their Alaskan ancestors

B.To illustrate the layout of their campgrounds

C.To add realism to their sculptures

D.To add decoration to their sculptures

Q5:Why does the professor mention Thule group-hunting expeditions?

A.To explain why the Thule had plenty of time to produce detailed artwork

B.To draw a connection between cooperation in finding food and uniformity in art

C.To compare Thule hunting practices with Dorset hunting practices

D.To suggest that the majority of Thule sculptures were probably lost at sea

Q6:Why does the professor saythis:

A.To suggest that the students interview descendants of Dorset people

B.To propose a topic that the students could write about

C.To ask students who they think the faces represent

D.To indicate that there is still a lot of missing information

四、Two Ancient Arctic Cultures托福聽(tīng)力答案：

A1:正確答案：C

A2:正確答案：AC

A3:正確答案：A

A4:正確答案：D

A5:正確答案：B

A6:正確答案：D

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