The Relation Between Bird's Bill and Its Diet托福聽力原文翻譯及問題答案

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The Relation Between Bird's Bill and Its Diet托福聽力原文翻譯及問題答案

一、The Relation Between Bird's Bill and Its Diet托福聽力原文：

The bird’s bill is composed of a horny sheath over a bony core.The entire structure has evolved in numerous ways to the specialized needs of its owner.The bird’s bill is highly modified for a variety of activities—such as cutting and crushing seeds,probing tree crevices for insects,drinking nectar from flowers,catching fish,and so on.There’s a large variety in the diets of birds throughout the world.Different birds have evolved different bill types to assist in their feeding.What I mean is,the shape of the bird’s bill is specially adapted to specific foods.

A large number of birds are primarily seed eaters.These birds typically have stout,cone-shaped bills and strong jaw muscles for crushing seeds.The edible kernel of a seed is protected by a husk,or shell,which must be removed before the seed can be digested.The smaller finches,sparrows,and grosbeaks use their heavy conical bills to process seeds by removing the outer covering before swallowing them.Larger birds,such as pigeons and pheasants,swallow seeds whole and rely on grit in the gizzard to remove the husks and crush the seeds.

A wide variety of birds are nectar drinkers.These birds prefer the sweet liquid nectar of flowering plants.The co-evolution of birds and flowers has led to specialization,in which the bird’s bill is adapted for the collection of nectar.The bill evolved so that it could reach the nectar at the bottom of a flower’s long tubular corolla.Birds who drink nectar have long,narrow bills and tongues with finely divided tips that form a brush.The tongues are very long,and the edges roll inwards to make a narrow scoop,so the bird can sort of lap up nectar,taking several licks every second.The tongue holds the nectar by capillary action—a physical force that causes fluids to rise in narrow tubes.The tongue moves in and out rapidly,carrying nectar up tiny grooves in the tongue,all the way to the mouth.

Hummingbirds can stick their long tongues out far beyond the tips of their bills.This enables them to reach the nectar at the base of flowers.But along with drinking nectar,hummingbirds will also grab any insect they meet.As they flit from flower to flower,they consume the flower’s nectar as well as insects and spiders that provide them with protein.

Birds that eat insects collect their food in a number of ways.The warblers have short,slender,tweezer-like bills,that they sort of use like tweezers to pick small insects off leaves and twigs.Plovers pluck insects from the soil with their short bills.Starlings have longer bills,which they push into the earth and force open to make a hole,and then look down the hole for insects.

The insect eater’s tongue—like the bill—is specialized to the bird’s diet.The tongue of some woodpeckers is long,sticky,and barbed,which makes it easier for the bird to catch its insect prey.Several species of woodpeckers use their bills as wedges to pry the bark off trees to reach the insects underneath and then lap them up with their long,sticky tongues.

二、The Relation Between Bird's Bill and Its Diet托福聽力中文翻譯：

這種鳥的喙是由骨質(zhì)核心上的角質(zhì)鞘組成的。整個結(jié)構(gòu)以多種方式發(fā)展，以滿足業(yè)主的特殊需求。鳥喙經(jīng)過高度修飾，可以進行各種活動，如切割和粉碎種子、在樹縫中尋找昆蟲、飲用花蜜、捕魚等。世界各地的鳥類飲食種類繁多。不同的鳥類進化出了不同的喙類型來幫助它們進食。我的意思是，鳥喙的形狀特別適合特定的食物。

大量鳥類主要以種子為食。這些鳥通常有粗壯的錐形喙和強壯的下頜肌肉，可以壓碎種子。種子的可食用內(nèi)核受到外殼的保護，在種子被消化之前，外殼必須被去除。較小的燕雀、麻雀和黃雀在吞下種子之前，會用它們沉重的圓錐形喙去除外殼來處理種子。較大的鳥類，如鴿子和野雞，會把種子整個吞下，并依靠內(nèi)臟中的砂礫來去除外殼和壓碎種子。

各種各樣的鳥類都喜歡花蜜。這些鳥喜歡開花植物的花蜜。鳥類和花朵的共同進化導(dǎo)致了專門化，鳥類的喙適合采集花蜜。喙經(jīng)過進化，可以到達花朵長管狀花冠底部的花蜜。飲用花蜜的鳥類有細長的喙和舌頭，尖端精細地分開，形成刷子。舌頭很長，邊緣向內(nèi)滾動，形成一個狹窄的勺子，所以這只鳥可以舔食花蜜，每秒舔食幾次。舌頭通過毛細管作用保持花蜜，毛細管作用是一種使液體在狹窄的管道中上升的物理力。舌頭快速進出，將花蜜帶上舌頭上的小凹槽，一直送到嘴里。

蜂鳥可以把它們長長的舌頭伸到遠遠超過喙尖的地方。這使它們能夠到達花朵底部的花蜜。但是蜂鳥在喝花蜜的同時，還會抓住它們遇到的任何昆蟲。當(dāng)它們從一朵花飛到另一朵花時，它們會消耗花朵的花蜜，以及為它們提供蛋白質(zhì)的昆蟲和蜘蛛。

以昆蟲為食的鳥類以多種方式收集食物。鶯有短而細的鑷子狀的喙，它們可以像鑷子一樣用嘴從樹葉和樹枝上摘下小昆蟲。犁用它們的短喙從土壤中摘下昆蟲。雛鳥有更長的喙，它們把喙推入地球，強行打開，打一個洞，然后從洞里往下看昆蟲。

食蟲者的舌頭像喙一樣，專門用于鳥類的飲食。一些啄木鳥的舌頭長、粘、有刺，這使得啄木鳥更容易捕捉昆蟲獵物。幾種啄木鳥用它們的喙作為楔子，撬開樹上的樹皮，接觸下面的昆蟲，然后用它們又長又粘的舌頭把它們舔起來。

三、The Relation Between Bird's Bill and Its Diet托福聽力問題：

Q1:1.What is the main idea of the talk?

A.Birds differ in appearance throughout the world.

B.The best diet for birds includes both seeds and insects.

C.The bird’s bill is specialized to its preferred diet.

D.Birds have a variety of interesting behaviors.Birds have a variety of interesting behaviors.

Q2:2.Select the bird that is most likely a seed eater.

Q3:3.Why does the professor say this:

A.To describe the nutritional benefits of flower nectar

B.To state that birds and their food evolved together

C.To compare the physical structure of birds and plants

D.To explain why birds need variety in their diet

Q4:4.Select the bird that is most likely a nectar drinker.

Q5:5.What does the professor imply about hummingbirds?

A.They are a source of food for insects and spiders.

B.Their diet is not restricted to flower nectar.

C.They obtain protein from eating flower seeds.

D.Their behavior cannot be explained scientifically.

四、The Relation Between Bird's Bill and Its Diet托福聽力答案：

A1:正確答案：C

A2:正確答案：B

A3:正確答案：B

A4:正確答案：C

A5:正確答案：B

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