Oviraptor托福聽力原文翻譯及問題答案

Oviraptor托福聽力原文翻譯及問題答案

一、Oviraptor托福聽力原文：

NARRATOR:Listen to part of a lecture in a paleontology class.

FEMALE PROFESSOR:As we've discussed,birds are apparently descendants of dinosaurs,and share many commonalities with some dinosaur species,like,uh,feathers and maybe even flight.And of course,egg laying.OK,so,many paleontologists,myself included,have wondered about other similarities between dinosaurs and birds.Since adult dinosaur fossils have sometimes been discovered near,or on top of,nests,we've been looking into dinosaur parenting behavior.MALE STUDENT:Parenting behavior?Well,that sounds so gentle and caring.But dinosaurs were ferocious reptiles—and reptiles don't take care of their young,do they?FEMALE PROFESSOR:Well,some reptiles incubate their eggs—crocodiles do.And as for popular attitudes toward dinosaurs...well,take the Oviraptor for instance.In the 1920s,a paleontologist discovered the fossil remains of a small dinosaur near a nest containing eggs.He assumed the dinosaur was stealing the eggs,so he named it"Oviraptor."That means"egg thief"in Latin...which fueled the generally negative public image of such dinosaurs.

But by the 1990s,other experts had convincingly made the case that,instead of robbing the nest,the Oviraptor was probably taking care of the eggs.You see,dinosaurs'closest living relatives—birds and crocodiles—display nesting behavior.And dinosaur fossils have been found in postures that we now believe to indicate brooding behavior,that is,sitting on the eggs until they hatch.

So we're curious about the type of care dinosaurs gave to their young.And we'd like to figure out which dinosaur parent,the male or the female,gave the care.MALE STUDENT:Shouldn't the behavior of crocodiles and birds give us some clues,then?FEMALE PROFESSOR:Well,with crocodiles,it's the female who guards the nest.And with birds,it depends on the species.It can be the male or the female that takes care of the eggs.Or both.In over 90 percent of all bird species,both parents take care of the eggs...and the young birds.MALE STUDENT:But sometimes it's just the male?FEMALE PROFESSOR:Well,exclusive care by the male parent is much less common,but it does occur.Now for animals other than birds,the care of young by both parents is pretty unusual in the animal kingdom—males contribute to parental care in fewer than 5 percent of all mammalian species.It's even less frequent among reptiles.

And,exclusive care by the male is very rare.So,researchers have wondered about the evolution of male parenting behavior in birds for quite some time.And now there's research showing that,for some of the birds'dinosaur relatives,it's likely that the male parent was also in charge of taking care of the eggs.MALE STUDENT:How did they figure that out?FEMALE PROFESSOR:Well,first they looked at clutch volume—that's the number of eggs in the nest—of crocodiles,birds,...and three types of dinosaurs,including Oviraptors,that are thought to be closely related to the dinosaur ancestors of birds.

So,when researchers examined fossilized remains of nests,they found that the dinosaurs had larger clutch volumes,more eggs in the nest,that is,than most of the crocodiles and birds that were studied.But,and this is important,their clutch volumes matched those of birds that have only male parental care.You see,bird species in which only the males take care of the nest tend to have the largest clutches of eggs.MALE STUDENT:So,what's the connection between bird and dinosaur behavior?FEMALE PROFESSOR:Well,researchers now believe,because of this study,that the male parenting behavior of these birds might have its origins in the behavior of dinosaurs.MALE STUDENT:Based only on evidence of clutch volume size?—the number of eggs?FEMALE PROFESSOR:No,there's more.They also examined the fossilized bones of those three types of dinosaurs that were found on or near nests...to determine their sex.You see,adult female birds,during egg production,produce a layer of spongy bone tissue inside certain long bones.And so did female dinosaurs of the kinds that were investigated.This spongy tissue serves as a source of calcium for eggshell formation.But when the dinosaur fossils were examined,there were no spongy bone deposits.MALE STUDENT:Meaning that those dinosaurs on the nests were probably adult males...who wouldn't have needed calcium for making eggshells.FEMALE PROFESSOR:Exactly.And then there's this.Birds like the kiwi,the ostrich,and the emu—they share certain physical characteristics with these dinosaurs,and,interestingly,they also show a consistent pattern of nest care by the male.

二、Oviraptor托福聽力中文翻譯：

旁白：聽一節(jié)古生物學課上的部分講座。

女教授：正如我們所討論的，鳥類顯然是恐龍的后代，與一些恐龍物種有許多共同點，比如，羽毛，甚至飛行。當然還有產(chǎn)卵。好吧，所以，包括我在內(nèi)的許多古生物學家都想知道恐龍和鳥類之間的其他相似之處。由于成年恐龍化石有時在巢穴附近或頂部被發(fā)現(xiàn)，我們一直在研究恐龍的養(yǎng)育行為。男學生：育兒行為？聽起來很溫柔，很有愛心。但恐龍是兇猛的爬行動物，爬行動物不會照顧它們的幼崽，是嗎？女教授：有些爬行動物像鱷魚一樣孵卵。至于大眾對恐龍的態(tài)度……以卵盜龍為例。20世紀20年代，一位古生物學家在一個有蛋的巢穴附近發(fā)現(xiàn)了一只小型恐龍的化石遺骸。他；假設恐龍在偷蛋，所以他把它命名為“Oviraptor”。這在拉丁語中是“偷蛋者”的意思……這助長了公眾對這種恐龍的負面印象。

但到了20世紀90年代，其他專家令人信服地提出了這樣的觀點，即產(chǎn)卵猛禽可能是在照顧卵，而不是搶劫巢穴。你看，恐龍的近親鳥類和鱷魚表現(xiàn)出筑巢行為。恐龍化石被發(fā)現(xiàn)的姿勢，我們現(xiàn)在認為表明了孵卵行為，即坐在蛋上直到孵化。

所以我們很好奇恐龍對幼崽的照顧。我們想弄清楚是哪一種恐龍的父母，雄性還是雌性，給予了照顧。男學生：那么，鱷魚和鳥類的行為不應該給我們一些線索嗎？女教授：嗯，對于鱷魚來說，是女性守衛(wèi)巢穴。對于鳥類，這取決于物種?？梢允切坌砸部梢允谴菩詠碚疹櫬炎??；騼烧?。在90%以上的鳥類中，父母都照顧蛋和幼鳥。男學生：但有時只是男性？女教授：好吧，由男性家長單獨照顧的情況不太常見，但確實發(fā)生過。現(xiàn)在，對于鳥類以外的動物來說，雙親照顧幼崽在動物界是非常不尋常的-在所有哺乳動物物種中，男性對父母照顧的貢獻不到5%。在爬行動物中更不常見。

而且，男性的獨家護理非常罕見。因此，研究人員很長一段時間以來一直在研究鳥類雄性養(yǎng)育行為的演變?，F(xiàn)在有研究表明，對于一些鳥類的恐龍親戚來說，很可能是雄性的父母也負責照顧蛋。男學生：他們怎么知道的？女教授：首先，他們研究了鱷魚、鳥類和三種恐龍的巢中蛋的數(shù)量，包括卵猛禽，它們被認為與鳥類的恐龍祖先密切相關(guān)。

因此，當研究人員檢查鳥巢化石時，他們發(fā)現(xiàn)恐龍的窩體積更大，窩中的蛋更多，也就是說，比大多數(shù)被研究的鱷魚和鳥類都多。但是，這一點很重要，它們的產(chǎn)卵量與只有雄性父母照顧的鳥類相匹配。你看，只有雄鳥負責鳥巢的鳥類往往擁有最多的卵。男學生：那么，鳥類和恐龍行為之間有什么聯(lián)系？女教授：研究人員現(xiàn)在相信，由于這項研究，這些鳥類的雄性養(yǎng)育行為可能起源于恐龍的行為。男學生：僅基于離合器體積大小的證據(jù)-雞蛋的數(shù)量？女教授：不，還有更多。他們還檢查了在巢穴或巢穴附近發(fā)現(xiàn)的三種恐龍的化石，以確定它們的性別。你看，成年雌鳥在產(chǎn)卵的過程中，在某些長骨內(nèi)產(chǎn)生一層海綿狀骨組織。被調(diào)查的雌性恐龍也是如此。這種海綿組織是蛋殼形成的鈣源。但當恐龍化石被檢查時，沒有海綿狀骨沉積物。男學生：這意味著巢穴中的恐龍可能是成年雄性……它們不需要鈣來制造蛋殼。女教授：沒錯。還有這個。像獼猴桃、鴕鳥和鴯鹋這樣的鳥類，它們與這些恐龍有著某些共同的身體特征，有趣的是，它們也表現(xiàn)出雄性對巢的一貫照顧模式。

三、Oviraptor托福聽力問題：

Q1:1.What does the professor mainly discuss?

A.How the parenting behavior of Oviraptors may have differed from that of other dinosaurs

B.Evidence that parenting behavior in birds may have originated with dinosaurs

C.Physical traits shared by dinosaurs,crocodiles,and birds

D.The changing attitudes of the public toward dinosaurs

Q2:2.What is the professor's attitude toward the name"Oviraptor"?[Click on 2 answers.]

A.It accurately represents the behavior of the dinosaur.

B.It resulted from an incorrect translation of the original Latin term.

C.It was based on a misunderstanding of the fossil evidence.

D.It influenced popular attitudes toward dinosaurs.

Q3:3.According to the professor,what behavior is very rare among reptiles?

A.Parenting of the young by males

B.Laying eggs in a nest

C.Returning to the same nest site year after year

D.Stealing eggs from the nests of other reptiles

Q4:4.What does the professor imply about crocodiles?

A.They provide fewer clues about dinosaur nesting behavior than birds do.

B.They share many behavioral characteristics with birds like the ostrich and the kiwi.

C.They have larger clutch volumes than most dinosaurs had.

D.The female and the male work together to guard their nest.

Q5:5.What is the function of the spongy tissue in the bones of a female bird?

A.It makes the bird more comfortable while sitting on her eggs for long periods of time.

B.It enables female birds to lay more eggs.

C.It strengthens the bird's bones just before she lays her eggs.

D.It serves as a source of calcium for eggshells.

Q6:6.What did researchers conclude after analyzing fossilized dinosaur bones found near nests?

A.Many dinosaurs died before they became adults.

B.Male dinosaurs produced a spongy layer of bone.

C.Male dinosaurs probably took care of the eggs.

D.Female dinosaurs seldom went far from their nests.

四、Oviraptor托福聽力答案：

A1:正確答案：B

A2:正確答案：CD

A3:正確答案：A

A4:正確答案：A

A5:正確答案：D

A6:正確答案：C

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