英國(guó)諾丁漢大學(xué)基本簡(jiǎn)介

現(xiàn)在留學(xué)的學(xué)生越來(lái)越多，留學(xué)可以開(kāi)闊眼界，也能學(xué)習(xí)不一樣的教育體制，而且國(guó)外名校眾多，教育水平也一流。下面小編就來(lái)和大家說(shuō)說(shuō)“英國(guó)諾丁漢大學(xué)基本概況”這個(gè)問(wèn)題

　　一、關(guān)于諾丁漢大學(xué)

　　“The University of Nottingham shares many of the characteristics of the world’s great universities. However, we are distinct not only in our key strengths but in how our many strengths combine: we are financially secure, campus based and comprehensive; we are research-led and recruit top students and staff from around the world; we are committed to internationalising all our core activities so our students can have a valuable and enjoyable experience that prepares them well for the rest of their intellectual, professional and personal lives.”The University is governed by two main bodies: Council and Senate. At the head of the University are the Chancellor, Sir Andrew Witty and Vice-Chancellor, Professor Sir David Greenaway.The University's administrative and support departments support the running of the University and contribute to its growth and success both nationally and internationally.Our vision for 2020，The University of Nottingham – an inspiring place of learning and scholarship that transforms lives through:Offering an outstanding, broad-based, international education to talented students.Developing skilled, reflective global citizens and leaders.Undertaking fundamental and transformative discovery.Being committed to excellence, enterprise and social responsibilitySustaining and improving the places and communities in which we are located.Being engaged internationally to enhance industry, health and well-being, policy formation, culture and purposeful citizenship.Our strategy,Our Global Strategy 2020 sets out goals and actions that target areas of challenge while laying the foundations for on-going success into the future. Informed by analysis, reflection and broad engagement we have determined we need to consolidate and enhance our position as a world-leading University and:Strengthen and enrich our core activities of Education and Research,Address the changing expectations of our studentsTarget investment in research strengths.Focus on enhancing quality.Continue to differentiate The University of Nottingham on the basis of an outstanding student experience and our distinct approach to internationalisation

　　“諾丁漢大學(xué)擁有世界上偉大的大學(xué)的許多特點(diǎn)。然而，我們不僅在我們的主要優(yōu)勢(shì)中發(fā)揮我們的力量，而且我們還懂得如何將優(yōu)勢(shì)結(jié)合在一起：我們的財(cái)務(wù)安全、校園和全面的因素， 我們是研究型的，招聘來(lái)自世界各地的頂尖學(xué)生和員工。我們致力于國(guó)際化我們所有的核心活動(dòng)，使我們的學(xué)生有一個(gè)寶貴和愉快的經(jīng)驗(yàn)，準(zhǔn)備好他們的知識(shí)，專(zhuān)業(yè)和個(gè)人生活的其余部分?！按髮W(xué)由兩個(gè)主要機(jī)構(gòu)組成：理事會(huì)和參議院。大學(xué)校長(zhǎng)是 校長(zhǎng)安德魯·威蒂爵士和 副校長(zhǎng)，格林納威爵士教授。大學(xué)的行政和支持部門(mén)支持大學(xué)的運(yùn)作，為國(guó)家和國(guó)際的成長(zhǎng)和成功作出貢獻(xiàn)。我們2020年的愿景，諾丁漢大學(xué) - 一個(gè)鼓舞人心的學(xué)習(xí)和獎(jiǎng)學(xué)金，通過(guò)以下方式改變生活：為有才華的學(xué)生提供優(yōu)秀，廣泛的國(guó)際教育，培養(yǎng)具有技術(shù)，反思性的全球公民和領(lǐng)導(dǎo)者，進(jìn)行根本和變革性發(fā)現(xiàn)、致力于追求卓越、企業(yè)和社會(huì)責(zé)任、維持和改善我們所在的地方和社區(qū)在國(guó)際上從事行業(yè)、健康和福祉、政策制定、文化和有目的的公民工作。我們的策略，我們的“2020年全球戰(zhàn)略”規(guī)定了針對(duì)挑戰(zhàn)領(lǐng)域的目標(biāo)和行動(dòng)，同時(shí)為今后的成功奠定基礎(chǔ)。通過(guò)分析、反思、廣泛參與，我們決定我們需要鞏固和提升我們作為世界領(lǐng)先大學(xué)的地位，并：加強(qiáng)和豐富我們的教育和研究核心活動(dòng)，滿足學(xué)生不斷變化的期望，目標(biāo)投資研究?jī)?yōu)勢(shì)，著力提升品質(zhì)，在杰出的學(xué)生經(jīng)驗(yàn)和我們獨(dú)特的國(guó)際化方法的基礎(chǔ)上繼續(xù)發(fā)展諾丁漢大學(xué)。

　　二、歷史沿革

　　1881 - Nottingham’s first civic college：Nottingham's first civic college was opened in the city centre in 1881, four years after the foundation stone was laid by former Prime Minister, W E Gladstone. An anonymous benefactor had offered ￡10,000 for a college on condition that a suitable building be erected by the Council and that the college should be provided with ￡4,000 a year.

　　1928 - The move to University Park：After the First World War, the college outgrew its original building. A generous gift by Sir Jesse Boot, of 35 acres of land at Highfields, presented the solution and in 1928 the College moved to what is now the main campus, University Park. Initially, it was accommodated in the elegant Trent Building and was officially opened by King George V in November of that year.Even in its early days on this site, the College attracted high profile visiting lecturers including Professor Albert Einstein, Mahatma Gandhi and H G Wells.

　　1948 – Becoming The University of Nottingham：In 1948, the college was awarded the Royal Charter and became The University of Nottingham, now able to award degrees in its own name. During this period the School of Agriculture was established when the Midland College of Agriculture at Sutton Bonington merged with the University.

　　The University of Nottingham continued to grow and still focuses on its development.The Medical School: In 1970 we established the UK’s first Medical School in the 20th century, and in 1995 the School of Nursing was formed following the merger of the Mid-Trent College of Nursing and Midwifery. In 2003 a new campus was opened in Derby City General HospitalJubilee Campus: The ￡50 million Jubilee Campus development opened in 1999 and subsequently phase two opened in March 2009. The campus has won numerous awards due to its environmentally-friendly featuresMalaysia Campus: The University opened a campus in Malaysia in 2000. Subsequently a new purpose-built park campus was opened in September 2005 in Semenyih, Malaysia, close to Kuala Lumpur International Airport.King’s Meadow Campus: In March 2005 The University opened the King’s Meadow Campus in the former Carlton Television Studios. The campus is home to many of The University’s administrative and support units, Manuscripts and Special Collections and two television studiosChina Campus: The University admitted its first students in the city of Ningbo, China in 2004, and the purpose-built campus was formally opened in February 2006, as part of a joint venture. The University then became the first foreign university to establish an independent campus in China.School of Veterinary Medicine and Science: The University of Nottingham officially opened the School of Veterinary Medicine and Science in April 2007 (having admitted its first students in September 2006). It was the first purpose-built new veterinary school to be opened in the UK in 50 years

　　1881年 - 諾丁漢成立第一所公民學(xué)院，諾丁漢首個(gè)公民學(xué)院在市中心開(kāi)幕，四年后，前總理WE Gladstone奠基。一位匿名捐助者為一所大學(xué)提供了10,000英鎊，條件是安理會(huì)建立了一個(gè)合適的建筑，每年應(yīng)提供4,000英鎊的學(xué)費(fèi)。

　　1928年 - 搬到大學(xué)公園校區(qū)，第一次世界大戰(zhàn)后，學(xué)院建造了原來(lái)的大樓。Highfields占地35英畝的杰西·伯爵爵士的慷慨捐贈(zèng)提出了解決方案，1928年，學(xué)院搬到了現(xiàn)在的主校區(qū)大學(xué)園區(qū)。最初，它被容納在優(yōu)雅的特倫特大廈，并于當(dāng)年11月由喬治五世國(guó)王正式開(kāi)幕。即使在這個(gè)網(wǎng)站的早期，學(xué)院吸引了高調(diào)的訪問(wèn)講師，包括愛(ài)因斯坦教授，圣雄甘地教授和HG威爾斯。

　　1948年 - 成為諾丁漢大學(xué)。

　　1948年，該學(xué)院被授予“皇家憲章”，并成為諾丁漢大學(xué)，現(xiàn)在可以以自己的名義頒發(fā)學(xué)位。在這個(gè)時(shí)期，農(nóng)業(yè)學(xué)院成立時(shí)，薩頓·邦寧頓的米德蘭農(nóng)業(yè)學(xué)院 與大學(xué)合并。

　　持續(xù)增長(zhǎng)：諾丁漢大學(xué)繼續(xù)發(fā)展，仍然重點(diǎn)發(fā)展。醫(yī)學(xué)院：1970年，我們?cè)诙兰o(jì)建立了英國(guó)第一所醫(yī)學(xué)院校，1995年，護(hù)理學(xué)院在中東護(hù)理與助產(chǎn)學(xué)院合并后組建。在2003年，在德比市總醫(yī)院開(kāi)設(shè)了一個(gè)新校區(qū)禧年校園：1999年開(kāi)設(shè)了5000萬(wàn)英鎊的禧年校園發(fā)展計(jì)劃，隨后在2009年3月開(kāi)始第二階段。由于環(huán)保特色，馬來(lái)西亞校區(qū)校園贏得了無(wú)數(shù)獎(jiǎng)項(xiàng)，大學(xué)于2000年在馬來(lái)西亞開(kāi)設(shè)了一所校園。隨后于2005年9月在馬來(lái)西亞的Semenyih開(kāi)設(shè)了一個(gè)新的專(zhuān)用公園校園，靠近吉隆坡國(guó)際機(jī)場(chǎng)國(guó)王草甸校園：2005年3月，大學(xué)在前卡爾頓電視工作室開(kāi)設(shè)了國(guó)王草地校園。校園內(nèi)有許多大學(xué)的行政和支援單位，手稿和特別收藏以及兩個(gè)電視室中國(guó)校區(qū)：2004年，中國(guó)寧波市大學(xué)校區(qū)錄取了第一批學(xué)生，并于2006年2月 正式開(kāi)業(yè) ，作為合資企業(yè)的一部分。大學(xué)然后成為第一家在中國(guó)建立獨(dú)立校園的外國(guó)大學(xué)。獸醫(yī)與科學(xué)學(xué)院：諾丁漢大學(xué)于2007年4月正式開(kāi)放獸醫(yī)醫(yī)學(xué)與科學(xué)學(xué)院(2006年9月獲得第一批學(xué)生入學(xué))。這是五十年來(lái)首個(gè)在英國(guó)開(kāi)設(shè)的專(zhuān)門(mén)設(shè)立的新的獸醫(yī)學(xué)校。

　　三、教研優(yōu)勢(shì)

　　1.概況

　　They will drive significant inward investment in to our internationally renowned research areas, and support our ambitious vision by increasing collaboration, strengthening networks and partnerships, attracting diverse funding, and raising the reputation of our world-leading research.Powerful, transdisciplinary discoveries can only be acheived as part of a vibrant research ecosystem. With the Beacons embedded into our research base, our resources will be more diverse and fertile than ever before.Our Beacons are just part of a significant investment in the resources, people, infrastructure and environment essential to delivering our world-leading discoveries.

　　諾丁漢大學(xué)將大力投入國(guó)際知名研究領(lǐng)域，通過(guò)加強(qiáng)合作，加強(qiáng)網(wǎng)絡(luò)和合作伙伴關(guān)系，吸引不同的資金，提高世界領(lǐng)先研究的聲譽(yù)，來(lái)支持我們雄心勃勃的愿景。強(qiáng)大的跨學(xué)科發(fā)現(xiàn)只能作為一個(gè)充滿活力的研究生態(tài)系統(tǒng)的一部分。隨著信標(biāo)嵌入我們的研究基地，我們的資源將比以往任何時(shí)候都更加多元化和肥沃。我們的信標(biāo)只是對(duì)提供世界領(lǐng)先發(fā)現(xiàn)所必需的資源，人員，基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施和環(huán)境的重大投資的一部分。諾丁漢大學(xué)是一所研究型大學(xué)，擁有驕傲的傳統(tǒng)，一直位列全球前百分之一。在諾丁漢大學(xué)學(xué)習(xí)是一個(gè)改變生活的經(jīng)歷，我們?yōu)榻獬覀?4,000名學(xué)生的潛力感到自豪。諾丁漢被授予“2017年時(shí)報(bào)”和“星期日泰晤士好大學(xué)指南”的畢業(yè)生就讀大學(xué)，獲得金獎(jiǎng)。在TEF 2017年和功能在所有的前20名三大UK排行榜。我們有開(kāi)創(chuàng)性的精神，表達(dá)了我們創(chuàng)始人杰西·史密斯爵士的愿景，我們已經(jīng)看到我們?cè)谥袊?guó)和馬來(lái)西亞建立校園，這是全球聯(lián)系教育，研究和工業(yè)參與網(wǎng)絡(luò)的一部分。根據(jù)2014的排名，我們?cè)谟?guó)排名第八。我們有六個(gè)研究卓越的信標(biāo)，有助于改變生活和改變世界; 我們也是本地和全球的主要雇主和行業(yè)合作伙伴。影響：諾丁漢運(yùn)動(dòng)是其最大規(guī)模的籌款活動(dòng)，它正在實(shí)現(xiàn)大學(xué)改變生活，解決全球問(wèn)題，塑造未來(lái)的愿景。

　　2.部分研究成果展示

　　Self-harm intervention vital part of suicide prevention

　　Self-harm intervention is a vital part of suicide prevention for young people in care according to recent research from experts at the University of Nottingham.In the UK and ROI, more than 6,000 people die by suicide a year - an average of 18 a day. The research is being highlighted as part of World Suicide Prevention Day on 10th September and has been led by Professor Ellen Townsend from the school of Psychology at the University of Nottingham.The research published in the British Journal of Clinical Psychology is the first detailed study of factors leading to self-harm over time in young people in care in England, using the Card Sort Task for Self-Harm (CaTS) to describe sequences of factors leading to the young person’s first and most recent episodes of self-harm. This process provides young people with tools to map out thoughts, feelings and behaviours on a timeline leading up to, and immediately after a self-harm event. These can then be used to open up conversations and help formulate possible ways to help.Self-harm intervention is a vital part of suicide prevention for young people in care according to recent research from experts at the University of Nottingham.In the UK and ROI, more than 6,000 people die by suicide a year - an average of 18 a day. The research is being highlighted as part of World Suicide Prevention Day on 10th September and has been led by Professor Ellen Townsend from the school of Psychology at the University of Nottingham.The research published in the British Journal of Clinical Psychology is the first detailed study of factors leading to self-harm over time in young people in care in England, using the Card Sort Task for Self-Harm (CaTS) to describe sequences of factors leading to the young person’s first and most recent episodes of self-harm. This process provides young people with tools to map out thoughts, feelings and behaviours on a timeline leading up to, and immediately after a self-harm event. These can then be used to open up conversations and help formulate possible ways to helpAnalysis of the results from the Card Sort Task showed that young people in care felt better immediately after their first episode of self-harm with feelings of depression and sadness, and having the access to the means to self-harm, cited as key factors leading to self-harm. It also showed that sequences of factors leading to self-harm can change and evolve over time. Crucially, feeling better after self-harm disappeared over time and feelings of self-hatred and not being afraid of death emerged.Regular monitoringThe conclusion was that regular monitoring and assessment of each self-harm episode are needed alongside support around easing and dealing with emotional distress.Professor Townsend explains how the research emphasises the need for self-harm intervention: “Self-harm is the strongest predictor of eventual suicide and each suicide significantly affects many other individuals. Looked-after young people are at particularly high risk of self-harmful behaviour yet there is sparse research targeting this group.“We know that talking about self-harm and suicide is extremely difficult, especially for those in care, which is where the CaTS system is very beneficial and would have clinical utility as an assessment tool as it provides a structured way to communicate and order thoughts and feelings in relation to self-harm. Providing effective support like this could make the vital difference for future positive outcomes and reduce incidences of self-harm and ultimately help prevent future suicide.”Dr Ruth Wadman who conducted the work in the field said: “Young people told us that they enjoyed doing the CaTS. It gave them a way to understand their own self-harm and communicate about it effectively.”

　　研究成果一：自我傷害干預(yù)是預(yù)防自殺的重要組成部分

　　根據(jù)諾丁漢大學(xué)最近的研究，自我傷害干預(yù)是防治青少年自殺的重要組成部分。在英國(guó)和投資回報(bào)率方面，每年有6000多人自殺死亡，平均每天有18人死亡。這項(xiàng)研究正在9月10 日被強(qiáng)調(diào)為世界預(yù)防自殺日的一部分，由諾丁漢大學(xué)心理學(xué)院的Ellen Townsend教授領(lǐng)銜。英國(guó)“臨床心理學(xué)雜志”發(fā)表的研究是對(duì)英格蘭青少年護(hù)理中導(dǎo)致自我傷害的因素進(jìn)行的第一次詳細(xì)研究，使用卡片分類(lèi)任務(wù)進(jìn)行自我傷害(CaTS)來(lái)描述引導(dǎo)因素的序列對(duì)年輕人的第一個(gè)也是最近的一次自我傷害事件。這個(gè)過(guò)程為年輕人提供了工具，用于在自我傷害事件之前和之后立即繪制思維，感覺(jué)和行為。這些可以用于開(kāi)放對(duì)話，并幫助制定可能的方式來(lái)幫助。對(duì)“卡片排序”結(jié)果的分析表明，年輕人在第一次自我傷害感與抑郁與悲傷感覺(jué)之后立即感覺(jué)到更好，并獲得了自我傷害的手段，被認(rèn)為是領(lǐng)先的自我傷害 它還表明，導(dǎo)致自我傷害的因素序列隨著時(shí)間的推移會(huì)發(fā)生變化和演化。至關(guān)重要的是，隨著時(shí)間的推移，自我傷害感覺(jué)好轉(zhuǎn)，自我仇恨的感覺(jué)和不怕死亡的感覺(jué)就出現(xiàn)了。定期監(jiān)測(cè)，結(jié)論是，需要定期監(jiān)測(cè)和評(píng)估每個(gè)自我傷害事件，同時(shí)支持放松和處理情緒困擾。湯森教授解釋了研究如何強(qiáng)調(diào)自我傷害干預(yù)的必要性：“自我傷害是最終自殺的最強(qiáng)預(yù)測(cè)因素，每次自殺都對(duì)許多其他人造成重大影響。看好的年輕人處于特別高的自我有害行為的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)，但針對(duì)這個(gè)群體的研究很少?！拔覀冎?，談?wù)撟晕覀妥詺⑹欠浅＠щy的，特別是對(duì)于那些關(guān)心的人來(lái)說(shuō)，CaTS系統(tǒng)是非常有益的，并且具有臨床實(shí)用性作為評(píng)估工具，因?yàn)樗峁┝私Y(jié)構(gòu)化的溝通和秩序思維方式以及與自我傷害有關(guān)的感覺(jué)。提供這樣的有效支持可能會(huì)對(duì)未來(lái)的積極成果產(chǎn)生重要的影響，減少自我傷害的發(fā)生，并最終有助于防止未來(lái)的自殺?！霸趯?shí)地工作的露絲·瓦德曼博士說(shuō)：“年輕人告訴我們，他們喜歡做CaTS。它給了他們一種了解自己的傷害和有效溝通的方法?！?/p>

　　A big difference between Asian and African elephants is diet

　　New research has shown that there are significant differences between the Asian and the African forest elephant – and it isn’t just about size and the shape of their ears. It is about what they eat and how they affect forest ecosystems. See video here.As megaherbivores and the largest of our land animals, elephants have a significant impact on their habitat. In Central Africa, forest elephants act as ecological filters by breaking tree saplings and stripping them of foliage. But we have much more to learn about the impact of elephants on Southeast Asian rainforests. And new research suggests that the Asian elephant is a daintier eater – preferring palms, grasses and bamboo to tree saplings.Experts from the University of Nottingham Malaysia Campus and a team from the University of Florida have been taking a closer look at the foraging impacts of the Asian elephant, and they’ve been puzzled by some of the results. Their research, ‘Foraging Impacts of Asian Magafauna on Tropical Rainforest Structure and Biodiversity’ is published Wednesday 30 August 2017, in the scientific journal Biotropica.The study was led by Professor John Terborgh, of the University of Florida, Gainesville, a pioneer and leading expert in tropical biology and conservation. The research took the team deep into Malaysia’s dense closed-canopy forests where thick vegetation normally precludes direct observation of elephants.Using traditional forest sampling techniques the team looked at forest structure, composition, and diversity in two Malaysian forests – the Royal Belum State Park which is home to 14 of the world’s most threatened species including the Asian elephant; and Krau Wildlife Reserve, where elephants have not roamed since 1993. The results were compared with results from African forests.In the two Malaysian rainforests, the team found clear differences in tree density, composition, and diversity. The density and diversity of tree saplings were higher in Krau where elephants are now absent. Palms, gingers, pandans and bamboos (monocots) were also more abundant. In Belum, however, monocots over a metre tall were virtually absent.Dr Ahimsa Campos-Arceiz, from the School of Environment and Geographical Sciences, and Principal Investigator of the Management & Ecology of Malaysian Elephants (MEME), said: “Our initial expectations were that Asian elephants would have similar impacts to those described for African forest elephants in Gabon where John Terborgh and Lisa Davenport have conducted previous work. However, our results show that Asian elephants have an important impact on forest dynamics but these impacts seem to be very different from the ones produced by African forest elephants.”The clearest difference was in monocot plants - palms, grasses, bamboo. These were found to be abundant where Asian elephants are scarce but rare where elephants are present. We also found some puzzling results in terms of tree scars - signs of elephant feeding - that suggest that elephants might not be eating tree saplings (small trees) as much as we assumed.Dr Campos-Arceiz said: “Asian elephants seem to be more interested in monocot plants, especially palms. These results have very interesting and important implications in terms of elephant ecological impact. Maybe this is the reason why Asian elephants do not seem to modify forest the way African elephants do. And human-elephant conflict is greater in Malaysia because we are planting palms which are the very food elephants love to eat. We are currently continuing this work through direct observations of elephant feeding in Malaysian rainforests.”

　　研究成果二：亞洲和非洲大象之間的巨大差異在于飲食

　　新研究表明，亞洲和非洲森林大象之間存在顯著差異，而不僅僅是尺寸和耳朵形狀。它是關(guān)于他們吃什么，以及它們?nèi)绾斡绊懮稚鷳B(tài)系統(tǒng)。在這里看視頻。作為megaherbivores和我們的最大的動(dòng)物，大象對(duì)他們的棲息地有重大的影響。在中部非洲，森林大象通過(guò)打破樹(shù)苗和剝離樹(shù)葉作為生態(tài)過(guò)濾器。但是，我們還要了解大象對(duì)東南亞熱帶雨林的影響。而新的研究表明，亞洲大象是一個(gè)古老的食者 - 喜歡棕櫚樹(shù)，草和竹子樹(shù)苗。來(lái)自馬來(lái)西亞諾丁漢大學(xué)校園的專(zhuān)家和佛羅里達(dá)大學(xué)的小組一直在仔細(xì)觀察亞洲大象的覓食影響，并對(duì)其中一些結(jié)果感到困惑。他們的研究“亞洲Magafauna對(duì)熱帶雨林結(jié)構(gòu)和生物多樣性的影響”發(fā)表于2017年8月30日星期三，在科學(xué)雜志Biotropica。該研究由佛羅里達(dá)大學(xué)，蓋恩斯維爾大學(xué)教授John Terborgh領(lǐng)導(dǎo)，熱帶生物學(xué)和保護(hù)領(lǐng)域的先驅(qū)和領(lǐng)先專(zhuān)家。研究使團(tuán)隊(duì)深入馬來(lái)西亞密集的封閉式森林，厚厚的植被通常排除直接觀察大象。使用傳統(tǒng)的森林采樣技術(shù)，該團(tuán)隊(duì)考察了兩個(gè)馬來(lái)西亞森林的森林結(jié)構(gòu)，組成和多樣性 - 皇家貝魯姆國(guó)家公園，其中有14個(gè)世界上受威脅最多的物種，包括亞洲大象; 和克勞野生動(dòng)物保護(hù)區(qū)，大象自1993年以來(lái)沒(méi)有漫游。將結(jié)果與非洲森林的結(jié)果進(jìn)行了比較。在兩個(gè)馬來(lái)西亞熱帶雨林中，該團(tuán)隊(duì)發(fā)現(xiàn)樹(shù)木密度，組成和多樣性方面存在明顯差異?？藙诘臉?shù)苗密度和多樣性在大象現(xiàn)在不存在。棕櫚，手指，野牛和竹子(單子葉植物)也更豐富。然而，在Belum，一米高的單子葉植物幾乎不存在。來(lái)自環(huán)境與地理科學(xué)學(xué)院的Ahimsa Campos-Arceiz博士和馬來(lái)西亞大象管理與生態(tài)學(xué)院首席調(diào)查員(MEME)表示：“我們最初的期望是，亞洲大象對(duì)與非洲森林描述類(lèi)似的影響加蓬大象John Terborgh和Lisa Davenport進(jìn)行了以前的工作。然而，我們的研究結(jié)果表明，亞洲大象對(duì)森林動(dòng)態(tài)有重要影響，但這些影響似乎與非洲森林大象產(chǎn)生的影響截然不同。最明顯的區(qū)別是單子葉植物 - 棕櫚樹(shù)，草，竹子。這些發(fā)現(xiàn)是豐富的，亞洲大象稀缺，但罕見(jiàn)的大象存在。我們還發(fā)現(xiàn)一些令人困惑的結(jié)果，就是樹(shù)疤 - 大象喂養(yǎng)的跡象 - 這表明大象可能不會(huì)像我們假設(shè)的那樣吃樹(shù)苗(小樹(shù))。Campos-Arceiz博士說(shuō)：“亞洲大象似乎對(duì)單子葉植物，特別是棕櫚樹(shù)更感興趣。這些結(jié)果在大象生態(tài)影響方面具有非常有趣和重要的意義。也許這就是為什么亞洲大象似乎沒(méi)有像非洲大象那樣修改森林的原因。馬來(lái)西亞的大象沖突更大，因?yàn)槲覀冋诜N植棕櫚樹(shù)，這是大象喜歡吃的食物。我們目前正在馬來(lái)西亞熱帶雨林中直接觀察大象喂養(yǎng)，繼續(xù)這項(xiàng)工作?！?/p>

　　Yawning — why is it so contagious and why should it matter?

　　Feeling tired? Even if we aren’t tired, why do we yawn if someone else does? Experts at the University of Nottingham have published research that suggests the human propensity for contagious yawning is triggered automatically by primitive reflexes in the primary motor cortex — an area of the brain responsible for motor function.Their study — ‘A neural basis for contagious yawning’ — has been published in the academic journal Current Biology. It is another stage in their research into the underlying biology of neuropsychiatric disorders and their search for new methods of treatment.Their latest findings show that our ability to resist yawning when someone else near us yawns is limited. And our urge to yawn is increased if we are instructed to resist yawning. But, no matter how hard we try to stifle a yawn, it might change how we yawn but it won’t alter our propensity to yawn. Importantly, they have discovered that the urge to yawn — our propensity for contagious yawning — is individual to each one of us.Professor of Cognitive Neuroscience, in the School of Psychology, led the multidisciplinary study. He said: “We suggest that these findings may be particularly important in understanding further the association between motor excitability and the occurrence of echophenomena in a wide range of clinical conditions that have been linked to increased cortical excitability and/or decreased physiological inhibition such as epilepsy, dementia, autism, and Tourette syndrome.”Echophenomena isn’t just a human traitContagious yawning is triggered involuntarily when we observe another person yawn — it is a common form of echophenomena — the automatic imitation of another’s words (echolalia) or actions (echopraxia). And it’s not just humans who have a propensity for contagious yawning — chimpanzees and dogs do it too.Echophenomena can also be seen in a wide range of clinical conditions linked to increased cortical excitability and/or decreased physiological inhibition such as epilespsy, dementia, autism and Tourette syndrome.The neural basis for contagious yawning.The neural basis for echophenomena is unknown. To test the link between motor excitability and the neural basis for contagious yawning the Nottingham research team used transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS). They recruited 36 adults to help with their study. These volunteers viewed video clips showing someone else yawning and were instructed to either resist yawning or to allow themselves to yawn.The participants were videoed throughout, and their yawns and stifled yawns were counted. In addition, the intensity of each participant’s perceived urge to yawn was continuously recorded.Using electrical stimulation they were also able to increase the urge to yawn.Georgina Jackson, Professor of Cognitive Neuropsychology in the Institute of Mental Health, said: “This research has shown that the ‘urge’ is increased by trying to stop yourself. Using electrical stimulation we were able to increase excitability and in doing so increase the propensity for contagious yawning. In Tourettes if we could reduce the excitability we might reduce the ticks and that’s what we are working on.”

　　研究成果三：打呵欠 - 為什么這么傳染，為什么要這么重要?

　　感覺(jué)累了?即使我們不累，為什么別人打哈欠?諾丁漢大學(xué)的專(zhuān)家發(fā)表了研究報(bào)告，表明人類(lèi)對(duì)傳染性打呵欠的傾向是由主要運(yùn)動(dòng)皮層(腦部負(fù)責(zé)運(yùn)動(dòng)功能的區(qū)域)的原始反射自動(dòng)觸發(fā)的。他們的研究 - “傳染性打呵欠的神經(jīng)基礎(chǔ)”已經(jīng)在當(dāng)代生物學(xué)雜志上發(fā)表。它是研究神經(jīng)精神障礙的潛在生物學(xué)和尋找新的治療方法的另一個(gè)階段。他們的最新研究結(jié)果表明，當(dāng)我們打呵欠的人有限時(shí)，我們抵制打呵欠的能力。如果我們被指示抵制打呵欠，我們打哈欠的沖動(dòng)就會(huì)增加。但是，不管我們?nèi)绾闻Χ髿⒐罚赡軙?huì)改變我們?nèi)绾未蚬?，但不?huì)改變我們打哈欠的傾向。重要的是，他們發(fā)現(xiàn)打哈欠的沖動(dòng) - 我們對(duì)傳染性打呵欠的傾向 - 對(duì)我們每個(gè)人都是個(gè)人的。認(rèn)知神經(jīng)科學(xué)教授史蒂芬·杰克遜(Stephen Jackson)領(lǐng)導(dǎo)了多學(xué)科研究。他說(shuō)：“我們建議，這些發(fā)現(xiàn)可能特別重要，以進(jìn)一步了解與廣泛的臨床條件相關(guān)的運(yùn)動(dòng)興奮性和發(fā)生現(xiàn)象之間的關(guān)聯(lián)，這些臨床病癥與增加的皮層興奮性和/或降低的生理抑制如癲癇有關(guān)，癡呆癥，自閉癥和Tourette綜合征。“Echophenomena不僅僅是人的特質(zhì)嗎，當(dāng)我們觀察另一個(gè)人打呵欠時(shí)，傳染性的打呵欠是不經(jīng)意的觸發(fā) - 它是一種常見(jiàn)的生態(tài)現(xiàn)象 - 自動(dòng)模仿另一個(gè)人的話(echolalia)或動(dòng)作(echopraxia)。而不僅僅是人類(lèi)有傳染性打呵欠的傾向 - 黑猩猩和狗也是這樣做的。也可以在與增加的皮質(zhì)興奮性和/或降低的生理抑制如癲癇，癡呆，自閉癥和Tourette綜合征相關(guān)的廣泛臨床條件下觀察到Echophenomena。傳染性打呵欠的神經(jīng)基礎(chǔ)，echophenomena的神經(jīng)基礎(chǔ)是未知的。為了測(cè)試運(yùn)動(dòng)興奮性與傳染性打呵欠的神經(jīng)基礎(chǔ)之間的聯(lián)系，諾丁漢研究團(tuán)隊(duì)使用經(jīng)顱磁刺激(TMS)。他們招募了36名成年人幫助學(xué)習(xí)。這些志愿者觀看視頻剪輯，顯示其他人打呵欠，并被指示要抵制打呵欠或讓自己打哈欠。參與者全程錄像，打呵欠，打呵欠了打呵欠。另外，每個(gè)參與者覺(jué)得的打呵欠的沖動(dòng)的強(qiáng)度不斷被記錄下來(lái)。使用電刺激，他們也可以增加打哈欠的沖動(dòng)。心理健康研究所認(rèn)知神經(jīng)心理學(xué)教授喬治娜·杰克遜(Georgina Jackson)表示：“這項(xiàng)研究表明，試圖阻止自己的”沖動(dòng)“是增加的。使用電刺激，我們能夠增加興奮性，并且這樣做增加了傳染性打呵欠的傾向。在Tourettes，如果我們可以減少興奮度，我們可能會(huì)減少蜱蟲(chóng)，這就是我們正在開(kāi)展的工作?！皩で髠€(gè)性化治療，TMS用于量化每個(gè)參與者的運(yùn)動(dòng)皮層興奮性和生理抑制，并預(yù)測(cè)所有志愿者的傳染性打呵欠的傾向。TMS測(cè)量被證明是傳染性打呵欠的重要預(yù)測(cè)因素，并證明每個(gè)人的傳染性打呵欠傾向由主要運(yùn)動(dòng)cortext的皮層興奮性和生理抑制決定。研究由ESFR博士生培訓(xùn)獎(jiǎng)授予Beverley Brown，并且是諾丁漢新生物醫(yī)學(xué)研究中心(BRC)領(lǐng)導(dǎo)研究心理健康技術(shù)的一部分，其目的是利用腦成像技術(shù)來(lái)了解神經(jīng)調(diào)制如何運(yùn)作。史蒂芬杰克遜教授說(shuō)：“如果我們能夠理解皮層興奮性的改變?nèi)绾我鹕窠?jīng)紊亂，我們可能會(huì)扭轉(zhuǎn)它們。我們正在尋找潛在的非藥物，個(gè)性化治療，使用可能有助于調(diào)節(jié)腦網(wǎng)絡(luò)失衡的TMS?！斑@項(xiàng)最新的研究是在發(fā)表他們的研究“ 關(guān)于行動(dòng)的行動(dòng)的功能解剖學(xué) ”之后發(fā)表的，該研究著眼于與被認(rèn)為是行動(dòng)的沖動(dòng)的身體感覺(jué)相關(guān)的幾種常見(jiàn)的神經(jīng)精神障礙。

　　四、校園環(huán)境

　　1.各個(gè)校區(qū)基本概況

　　The campus and its facilities：University Park is The University of Nottingham’s largest campus at 300 acres. Part of the University since 1929, the campus is widely regarded as one of the largest and most attractive in the country.Set in extensive greenery and around a lake, University Park is the focus of life for students, staff and visitors. Conveniently located only two miles from the city centre, the campus contains:

　　period buildings：modern state-of-the-art teaching and research facilities.12 halls of residence (accommodating over 3,000 students),several award-winning buildings.a conference and exhibition centre,sports facilities,the Lakeside Arts Centre

　　The hub of student life is the Portland Building, which houses the Students' Union, the Student Support Centre, as well as shops, banks, bars and restaurants.Green Flag grounds, walks and garden guides

　　The local community are welcome to enjoy the walks, parks and gardens in the University’s landscaped settings which feature:long-established woodland,contemporary gardens,the Millennium Garden - a quiet, reflective place in which to escape the hustle and bustle of campus life,The campus has been a Civic Trust Green Flag Award Winner every year since 2003 – the only university campus to achieve this status.

　　Recent developments:Development of the Engineering and Science Library which will incorporate the existing George Green Library is due to complete in Summer 2015.In 2011, three new teaching and learning facilities opened on University Park: Humanities Building, Mathematics Building and Engineering and Science Learning Centre.In November 2012, a 200-bed hotel, "The Orchard", adjacent to the East Midlands Conference Centre opened its doors.

　　公園校區(qū)：校園及其設(shè)施：大學(xué)公園是諾丁漢大學(xué)最大的校園，占地300英畝。自1929年以來(lái)的大學(xué)部分，校園被廣泛認(rèn)為是全國(guó)規(guī)模最大，最具吸引力的校園之一。大學(xué)公園位于廣闊的綠地和湖泊周?chē)?，是學(xué)生，工作人員和游客的生活焦點(diǎn)。交通便利，距離市中心只有兩英里，校園內(nèi)包含：期間建筑物、現(xiàn)代化的最先進(jìn)的教學(xué)和研究設(shè)施、12個(gè)住宅(容納3000多名學(xué)生)、幾個(gè)屢獲殊榮的大樓、一個(gè)會(huì)議和展覽中心、體育設(shè)施、在湖濱藝術(shù)中心、學(xué)生生活中心是波特蘭大學(xué)其中包括學(xué)生會(huì)，學(xué)生支援中心以及商店，銀行，酒吧和餐館、綠旗地，散步和花園導(dǎo)游。

　　歡迎當(dāng)?shù)厣鐓^(qū)享受大學(xué)景觀設(shè)計(jì)中的散步，公園和花園，其特點(diǎn)是：悠久的林地、當(dāng)代花園、千年花園 - 一個(gè)安靜，反光的地方，以逃避喧囂的校園生活、校園自2003年以來(lái)一直是公民信任綠旗獎(jiǎng)獲得者，這是唯一獲得這一地位的大學(xué)校園。

　　最近的發(fā)展：將加入現(xiàn)有喬治綠色圖書(shū)館的工程科學(xué)圖書(shū)館的發(fā)展工作將于2015年夏季完成。2011年，大學(xué)公園開(kāi)設(shè)了三個(gè)新的教學(xué)設(shè)施：人文大廈，數(shù)學(xué)建筑與工程與科學(xué)學(xué)習(xí)中心。2012年11月，毗鄰東米德蘭茲會(huì)議中心的 一個(gè)200平方米的酒店 “The Orchard” 即將開(kāi)放。

　　Jubilee Campus

　　The campus and its facilities：The Jubilee Campus is a modern purpose-built campus which now extends to 65 acres and is located only one mile from University Park. The initial phase was opened by Her Majesty the Queen in 1999. The state-of-the-art facilities now include:the Schools of Education (including CELE) and Computer Science,The Nottingham University Business School,The National College for Leadership of Schools and Children's Services,a Sports Centre,University of Nottingham Innovation Park,4000 third party purpose-built student residences within half a mile radius of the campus,The University of Nottingham

　　Maps and directions Sustainability:Built on a site that previously had industrial use, Jubilee Campus is an exemplar of brownfield regeneration and has impeccable green credentials.An important feature of the campus is the series of lakes which, as well as being home to a variety of wildlife, provide storm water attenuation and cooling for the buildings.Less visible - but equally important to the sustainable and environmental credentials of the campus – are the:roofs covered by low-growing alpine plants which help insulate and maintain steady temperatures within the buildings throughout the yearheat recovery mechanical ventilation systemslighting sensors to reduce energy consumption.photovoltaic cells integrated into the atrium roofs.lake source heating and cooling systems.biomass boiler installation.maximised use of passive ventilation engineering.

　　Awards,The environmentally-friendly nature of the campus and its buildings have been a big factor in the awards that it has received, including:the Millennium Marque Award for Environmental Excellence,the British Construction Industry Building Project of the Year,the Royal Institute of British Architects (RIBA) Journal Sustainability Award,the Civic Trust Award for Sustainability.Lord Mayor's Award for Urban Design,The Jubilee Campus also won international praise with the Energy Globe Award.

　　禧校園：

　　校園及其設(shè)施：禧年校園是現(xiàn)代化的專(zhuān)用校園，現(xiàn)已擴(kuò)建至65畝，距離大學(xué)公園僅一英里。最初的階段由女王陛下在1999年開(kāi)放?，F(xiàn)有的最先進(jìn)的設(shè)施包括：學(xué)校教育(包括CELE)和計(jì)算機(jī)科學(xué)、在諾丁漢大學(xué)商學(xué)院、國(guó)立學(xué)校和兒童服務(wù)學(xué)院、體育中心、諾丁漢創(chuàng)新園大學(xué)、在校園半英里范圍內(nèi)的4000名第三方專(zhuān)用學(xué)生宿舍。

　　地圖和路線，可持續(xù)發(fā)展：建立在以前有工業(yè)用途的網(wǎng)站上，禧年校園是棕色再生的典范，擁有無(wú)可挑剔的綠色資質(zhì)。校園的一個(gè)重要特征就是一系列的湖泊，以及各種野生動(dòng)物的家園，為建筑物提供雨水。對(duì)校園的可持續(xù)和環(huán)境認(rèn)證來(lái)說(shuō)，不太可見(jiàn) - 但同樣重要的是：屋頂由低生長(zhǎng)的高山植物覆蓋，有助于全年保溫和保持建筑物內(nèi)的溫度穩(wěn)定、熱回收機(jī)械通風(fēng)系統(tǒng)、照明傳感器降低能耗、光伏電池集成到中庭屋頂、湖源加熱和冷卻系統(tǒng)、生物質(zhì)鍋爐安裝、被動(dòng)通風(fēng)工程的最大化使用

　　獎(jiǎng)項(xiàng)：校園及其建筑物的環(huán)保性質(zhì)是其獲得的獎(jiǎng)項(xiàng)的一個(gè)重要因素包括：千年馬克環(huán)境卓越獎(jiǎng)、英國(guó)建筑業(yè)年度建筑工程、皇家英國(guó)建筑師學(xué)會(huì)(RIBA)日刊可持續(xù)發(fā)展獎(jiǎng)、公民信任可持續(xù)發(fā)展獎(jiǎng)市長(zhǎng)城市設(shè)計(jì)獎(jiǎng)、禧年校園也獲得了能源地球獎(jiǎng)的國(guó)際贊譽(yù)。

　　Sutton Bonington Campus

　　Location and facilities:The Sutton Bonington Campus is 10 miles south of University Park on the border of Nottinghamshire and Leicestershire.Its countryside location makes an ideal home for the School of Biosciences and the University's new School of Veterinary Medicine and Science.There are excellent road, rail and air links to the rest of the UK and overseas.5 miles (7km) from East Midlands Airport, with regular flights to mainland Europe3 miles (5km) from mainline East Midlands Parkway railway station at Ratcliffe-on-Soar with direct links to London (90 minutes), Nottingham, Derby, Lincoln, Leicester and Sheffield2 miles (3km) from Junction 24 of M1 motorway (access to UK’s major road network).The 100 acre campus is amply equipped with,state-of-the-art teaching and research facilities,the James Cameron-Gifford Library,student residences ─ over 700 on campus student bedrooms,a new sports centre,retail and catering outlets

　　The School of Veterinary Medicine and Science was launched in 2006, in new purpose-built facilities ─ a landmark as the UK's first new Vet School since the 1950s.School of BiosciencesOriginally established in the 1900s as an agricultural college, the School has grown radically into today's internationally renowned centre for cutting edge research in five Divisions:Animal Sciences,Food Sciences,Plant and Crop Sciences,Nutritional Sciences.Agricultural and Environmental Sciences.Landscaping,The campus enjoys a mature landscaped setting including an arboretum and a lime avenue, originally planted to commemorate those lost in the First World War and said to have a 'Queen's Shilling' buried under every tree.Developments,A new Masterplan for the campus was commissioned in 2008 and will provide a framework for the future development of the campus. As part of this, two new teaching and research buildings opened in 2011: Gateway Building and BioEnergy and Brewing Science Building.Sutton Bonington is just a 25 minute car journey from the University Park Campus and a shuttle-bus service runs between the two campuses regularly during the day.

　　薩頓·邦寧頓校區(qū)

　　位置和設(shè)施：薩頓邦寧頓校區(qū)距離諾丁漢郡和萊斯特郡邊界的大學(xué)公園以南10英里。它的鄉(xiāng)村位置是生物科學(xué)學(xué)院和大學(xué)新的獸醫(yī)學(xué)和科學(xué)學(xué)院的理想之地。有很好的公路，鐵路和空中連接到英國(guó)和海外的其他地方。距離東米德蘭茲?rùn)C(jī)場(chǎng)5英里(7公里)，定時(shí)航班到歐洲大陸。距離主干線East Midlands Parkway火車(chē)站3公里(5公里)，在Ratcliffe-on-Soar直達(dá)倫敦(90分鐘)，諾丁漢，德比，林肯，萊斯特和謝菲爾德距M1高速公路的24號(hào)交界處2英里(3公里)(進(jìn)入英國(guó)的主要道路網(wǎng))100英畝的校園裝備有：最先進(jìn)的教學(xué)和研究設(shè)施、詹姆斯·卡梅隆 - 吉福德圖書(shū)館、學(xué)生宿舍 - 校園學(xué)生臥室700多個(gè)、一個(gè)新的體育中心、零售和餐飲店

　　2.圖書(shū)館

　　Libraries：The University of Nottingham boasts 10 libraries across its UK and international campuses. Together they provide access to over one million books and journals and more than three million manuscripts. We have one of the most heavily-used electronic collections in the UK, including ebooks, ejournals and databases.

　　Library facilities include:traditional silent reading areas,designated and bookable areas for group study,refreshment areas,Four of the University’s largest libraries provide some of the most technologically advanced flexible learning facilities in Europe.Membership

　　Membership is open to:University staff and students,the public,corporate groups,University Park Campus,The University Park Campus houses the Hallward Library, the George Green Library and the Denis Arnold Music Library..Hallward Library is considered to be one of the UK’s finest library buildings. Its four floors house the arts, humanities, law and social sciences collections.George Green Library of Science and Engineering has collections of biological and pure sciences, engineering and psychology, housed in a new building from 2015.Denis Arnold Music Library in the Lakeside Arts Centre has an extensive collection of musical scores and sound recordings covering classical, ethnic and 20th century classical music.

　　Jubilee Campus:The Jubilee Campus has two librariesDjanogly Learning Resource Centre

　　Business Library:Between them they serve the needs of the School of Education, the School of Computing Science and the Business School.

　　Greenfield Medical Library,The Greenfield Medical Library, located in the Medical School, has a collection of biomedical, nursing and healthcare books and periodicals used by:staff and students of the University,staff of University Hospital,staff of local NHS Trusts.James Cameron-Gifford LibraryThe James Cameron-Gifford Library on the Sutton Bonington Campus holds materials on applied biosciences, veterinary medicine and science.

　　King’s Meadow Campus:The campus is home to the University’s Manuscripts and Special Collections, including extensive archives, rare books and the local studies East Midlands Collection.

　　諾丁漢大學(xué)在英國(guó)和國(guó)際校區(qū)擁有10個(gè)圖書(shū)館。他們一起提供了超過(guò)一百萬(wàn)本書(shū)籍和超過(guò)三百萬(wàn)份手稿。我們擁有英國(guó)最廣泛使用的電子收藏之一，包括電子書(shū)，電子期刊和數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)。

　　圖書(shū)館設(shè)施包括：傳統(tǒng)無(wú)聲閱讀區(qū)、指定和可預(yù)訂的小組學(xué)習(xí)領(lǐng)域、茶點(diǎn)區(qū)域、四所大學(xué)最大的圖書(shū)館在歐洲提供了一些技術(shù)最先進(jìn)的靈活學(xué)習(xí)設(shè)施。

　　會(huì)員資格：大學(xué)工作人員和學(xué)生、公眾、企業(yè)集團(tuán)。大學(xué)公園校區(qū)，大學(xué)公園校區(qū)設(shè)有霍爾霍夫圖書(shū)館，喬治綠色圖書(shū)館和丹尼斯·阿諾德音樂(lè)圖書(shū)館。Hallward圖書(shū)館被認(rèn)為是英國(guó)最好的圖書(shū)館建筑之一。其四層樓設(shè)有藝術(shù)，人文，法律和社會(huì)科學(xué)系列。喬治綠色科學(xué)與工程圖書(shū)館收集了生物和純科學(xué)，工程和心理學(xué)，并于2015年建成一座新建筑。湖畔藝術(shù)中心的丹尼斯·阿諾德音樂(lè)圖書(shū)館擁有豐富的音樂(lè)成績(jī)和錄音，涵蓋

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